Latitudinal variation of leaf morphological traits from species to communities along a forest transect in eastern China

Comprehensive information on geographic patterns of leaf morphological traits in Chinese forests is still scarce. To explore the spatial patterns of leaf traits, we investigated leaf area (LA), leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) across 847 species from nine typical forests along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) between July and August 2013, and also calculated the community weighted means (CWM) of leaf traits by determining the relative dominance of each species. Our results showed that, for all species, the means (± SE) of LA, LT, SLA, and LDMC were 2860.01 ± 135.37 mm², 0.17 ± 0.003 mm, 20.15 ± 0.43 m² kg^–1, and 316.73 ± 3.81 mg g^–1, respectively. Furthermore, latitudinal variation in leaf traits differed at the species and community levels. Generally, at the species level, SLA increased and LDMC decreased as latitude increased, whereas no clear latitudinal trends among LA or LT were found, which could be the result of shifts in plant functional types. When scaling up to the community level, more significant spatial patterns of leaf traits were observed (R ² = 0.46–0.71), driven by climate and soil N content. These results provided synthetic data compilation and analyses to better parameterize complex ecological models in the future, and emphasized the importance of scaling-up when studying the biogeographic patterns of plant traits.     

冻土区输电线路塔基选位的影响因素分析

青海西藏500kV直流联网输电线路工程跨越整个青藏高原,其生存环境不可避免与冻土有着紧密联系,冻土特有的冻胀、融沉特性给线路的勘测、设计、施工及后期运营带来了极大挑战。本文对取自青藏高原的原状和重塑冻土样样品进行了物理力学试验。结果表明:同种土在不同含冰量下,随含冰量的增大,则冻融特性敏感性增强;不同性质的土,在含冰量相同的情况下,颗粒越细,则冻融特性越敏感。同时,分析认为:塔基地质环境、不良冻土现象、不同地貌单元、冻土的热稳定性特征及施工作业便捷性等都是影响塔基稳定性的重要因素。     

An exploratory analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of the ecological status of the Upper Yellow and Yangtze Rivers

This study presents findings of the first systematic analysis of aquatic biotic assemblages in the source region of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. It provides an initial basis with which to select representative organisms as indicators to assess the aquatic ecological status of rivers in this region. Macroinvertebrates are considered to be good indicators of long-term environmental changes due to their restricted range and persistence over time. Field investigations of macroinvertebrates were conducted in August 2009 in the source region of the Yellow River, and in July 2010 in the source region of the Yangtze River. Altogether 68 taxa of macroinvertebrates belonging to 29 families and 59 genera were identified. Among them were 8 annelids, 5 mollusks, 54 arthropods and 1 other animal. In the source region of the Yellow River, taxa number, density and biomass of macroinvertebrates were 50, 329 individuals m2 and 0.3966 g dry weight m2, respectively. Equivalent figures for the source region of the Yangtze River were 29, 59 individuals m2 and 0.0307 g dry weight m-2. The lower benthic animal resources in the source region of the Yangtze River are ascribed to higher altitude, higher sediment concentration and wetland degradation. Preliminary findings of this exploratory study indicate that hydroelectric power stations had a weak impact on benthic dwellers but wetland degradation caused by a series of human activities had a catastrophic impact on survival of macroinvertebrates. Ecological protection measures such as conservative grazing and vegetation management are required to minimize grassland degradation and desertification, and reduce soil erosion rate and river sediment discharge.     

High-resolution seismic tomography of the upper crust in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake and its seismotectonic implications

Both P- and S-wave arrivals were collected for imaging upper crustal structures in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake. High-resolution, three- dimensional P and S velocity models were constructed by travel-time tomography. Moreover, more than 3700 after- shocks of the Lushan earthquake were relocated via a grid search method. The P- and S-wave velocity images of the upper crust show largely similar characters, with high and low velocity anomalies, which mark the presence of sig- nificant lateral and vertical heterogeneity at the source region of the Lushan earthquake. The characteristics of the velocity anomalies also reflect the associated surface geo- logical tectonics in this region. The distributions of high velocity anomalies of both P- and S-waves to 18 km depth are consistent with the distributions of relocated after- shocks, suggesting that most of the ruptures were localized inside the high velocity region. In contrast, low P and S velocities were found in the surrounding regions without aftershocks, especially in the region to the northeast of the Lushan earthquake. For the relocated aftershocks of the Lushan earthquake from this study, we found that mostaftershocks were concentrated in a zone of about 40 km long and 20 km wide, and were located in the hanging wall of Dayi-Mingshan fault. The focal depths of aftershocks increase from the southeast to the northwest region in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike, suggesting that the fault ruptured at an approximate dip angle of 45°. The main depths of the aftershocks in the northwest of the main shock are significantly shallower than expected, revealing the different seismogenic conditions in the source region.     

利用PALSAR数据反演2010年玉树地震断层的同震滑动分布

为深入了解2010年玉树地震引起的地表位移及发震断层的细节情况,对玉树地震震前、震后的PALSAR数据进行干涉处理,并针对轨道不精确引起的相位残差问题,采用最小二乘多项式模型拟合的方法对其进行去除,得到玉树地震地表的同震形变场.结果显示,形变最大地区发生在33.06°N、96.83°E附近,雷达视线方向形变最大值为-0.442 m.通过地质调查结果及合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)形变场的分析,对断层进行分段,基于弹性半空间位错模型对分段后的断层进行了同震滑动分布反演,并对反演结果的可靠性进行分析.结果表明,断层的最大位移为2.084 m,位于隆宝滩地表以下14 km处,反演结果对应的矩震级为Mw7.0,与地震学和地质调查的情况较吻合,且反演的结果较可靠.     

含富锂(钾)卤水断陷盆地的深部构造特征: 以中国华南吉泰盆地为例

中国华南吉泰盆地在白垩纪?古近纪发育大量蒸发岩,其中含富锂卤水矿床,由于盆地深部构造特征认识不清,导致富锂卤水矿勘查评价明显滞后.基于盆地东北部泰和坳陷二维地震数据和钻孔资料,经过精细保幅处理和综合构造解释,总结了含富锂卤水矿断陷盆地的深部构造特征.地震剖面和构造属性表明,盆地深部发育错断白垩系的NE-SW走向、NW倾...     

STONE KNIFE'S FUNCTION: SIMULATION EXPERIMENT VIA STARCH GRAIN ANALYSIS

淀粉粒分析在国内外环境考古学研究中得到了大量应用,但是目前国内还没有关于淀粉粒分析、石器功能与植物利用关系的现代过程研究.本研究针对石刀这一新石器时代重要的生产和生活工具开展现代过程的模拟实验,尝试利用淀粉粒分析方法验证石刀功能及其加工的植物类型.我们利用打制的简易石片模拟石刀,对未成熟和成熟的小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)进行了共两次割穗操作,提取并观察石片割穗后不同部位表面残留物中的淀粉粒形态及其组合.实验结果表明,石片表面残留物中的淀粉粒主要来源于小麦秸秆;小麦秸秆淀粉粒的A型和B型淀粉粒(未成熟和成熟小麦秸秆淀粉粒——A+B型淀粉粒,含量分别为90.91％和92.59％)分别与其成熟籽粒的A型和B型淀粉粒形态、大小相似,具备形态鉴定的特征;小麦秸秆中还发现了独特的多面体型淀粉粒(未成熟和成熟小麦秸秆多面体型淀粉粒含量分别为9.09％和7.41％),这是小麦种子中缺少的类型.根据本次现代实验模拟的结果,考古遗址出土石刀上提取到的淀粉粒很可能来自于植物收割(或切削)过程的残留物,结合淀粉粒分析、石刀形制和出土状况进行分析,可以获取出土石刀功能与古人类植物利用的信息.     

Chemical indexes of Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks from Liaohe Group,North China Craton:Implications for paleoclimate and provenance

Paleoproterozoic supracrustal materials have been widely identified in North China Craton, such as the Liaohe-, Hutuo-and Lyuliang groups. The Liaohe Group in the eastern part of the North China Craton is dominated by deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic successions. Compared with that of the coeval volcanic rocks, geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks from the Liaohe Group has rarely been studied in detail, which can possibly provide information on the paleoclimate and provenance. The authors analyzed the whole-rock and detrital zircon geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from the Liaohe Group against a uniform process and proposed their different ways of paleoweathering of the lower and upper formations. That is to say, although the lower and upper formations within the Liaohe Group might be derived from the similar source composition in a tectonically active setting, the paleoclimate that they experienced was not exactly the same. The predominant derivations are the Paleoproterozoic granitoids and basalts within the Liaohe Group, with minor input of Archean continental crust. This study highlights the contributions of the Paleoproterozoic mafic sources, which has been generally overlooked in the previous researches.     

抗几何攻击的高分辨率遥感影像半盲水印算法

提出了一种可有效抵抗几何攻击的高分辨率遥感影像半盲水印算法。该算法充分考虑了高分辨率遥感影像的特点,在水印嵌入方案中,对原始水印信息进行扩频处理,将水印值与最高有效位进行匹配,生成密钥矩阵,水印嵌入到最高位或次低位,并以二进制方式保存生成的密钥矩阵;在水印提取方案中,采用模板匹配技术提取出最优的水印信息。实验结果表明,该水印方案具有良好的不可见性,并且对影像的裁剪、旋转、平移、加噪、滤波等操作具有较强的鲁棒性。