Understanding land use and cover change impacts on run‐off and sediment load at flood events on the Loess Plateau,China

The Loess Plateau has been experiencing large‐scale land use and cover changes (LUCCs) over the past 50 years. It is well known about the significant decreasing trend of annual streamflow and sediment load in the catchments in this area. However, how surface run‐off and sediment load behaved in response to LUCC at flood events remained a research question. We investigated 371 flood events from 1963 to 2011 in a typical medium‐sized catchment within the Plateau in order to understand how LUCC affected the surface run‐off generation and sediment load and their behaviours based on the analysis of return periods. The results showed that the mean annual surface run‐off and sediment load from flood events accounted for 49.6% and 91.8% of their mean annual totals. The reduction of surface run‐off and associated sediment yield in floods explained about 85.0% and 89.2% of declines in the total annual streamflow and sediment load, respectively. The occurrences of flood events and peak sediment concentrations greater than 500 kg/m³ showed a significantly downward trend, yet the counterclockwise loop events still dominated the flood event processes in the catchment. The results suggest that LUCC over the past 50 years resulted in significant changes in the water balance components and associated soil erosion and sediment transportation in the catchment. This was achieved mainly by reducing surface run‐off and sediment yield during floods with return period of less than 5 years. Run‐off–sediment load behaviour during the extreme events with greater than 10‐year return periods has not changed. Outcomes from this study are useful in understanding the eco‐hydrological processes and assisting the sustainable catchment management and land use planning on the Loess Plateau, and the methodologies are general and applicable to similar areas worldwide.     

Geochronological and geochemical constraints on Aolunhua porphyry Mo–Cu deposit,northeast China,and its tectonic significance

The Aolunhua porphyry Mo–Cu deposit is located in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), and belongs to the northern part of the Xilamulun metallogenic belt. More than 90% of the mineralization occurs within the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry; a small part is hosted within quartz veins that crosscut Late Permian strata. The syenogranite, occurring as dikes and cutting through the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry, is radially distributed in the mining district. Zircon U–Pb ages show that the Aolunhua monzogranite-porphyry and the post-ore syenogranite have concordant ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 138.7 ± 1.2 Ma and 131.4 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. Based on analyses of major, trace elements and Hf-isotopes, the Aolunhua porphyry is characterized by high Sr low Y with high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios typical of adakitic granites, whereas the post-ore syenogranite has lower Sr and higher Y values, showing apparently negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.26 to 0.31). The Hf isotopic composition of the Aolunhua porphyry [ε_Hf(t) = + 3.6 to + 9.2] and the post-ore syenogranite [ε_Hf(t) = + 3.6 to + 8.7] indicates that both juvenile crustal sources and depleted mantle contributed to their origin. The regional geological setting together with the discrepancy of geochemistry between the Aolunhua porphyry and the post-ore syenogranite probably indicates that they formed in different tectonic regimes. The Aolunhua porphyry is derived from partial melting of the thickened crust due to underplating of the basaltic magma under the transformation tectonic regime, while the post-ore syenogranite comes from the crustal root melting during the lithospheric delamination stage under the lithosphere thinning regime of northeast China.     

内蒙古四子王旗地区古生代-早中生代侵入岩活动期次、特征及构造背景

通过对内蒙古四子王旗地区近年来获得的古生代—早中生代侵入岩锆石U-Pb及少量Rb-Sr测年结果的分析,认为该区古生代—早中生代至少经历了奥陶纪、石炭纪—早二叠世、中晚二叠世以及三叠纪等4期明显的岩浆作用过程。奥陶纪岩浆活动时限在508~454Ma,出露面积少,岩性主要为闪长岩、石英闪长岩,经历较强的变质变形作用。石炭纪—早二叠世岩浆活动时限在331~299Ma,分布面积最少,岩石组合为辉长岩、闪长岩及石英闪长岩,有弱变形或未变形。中晚二叠世岩浆活动时限为271~253Ma,出露面积最大,岩石组合有富含暗色包体的花岗闪长岩、正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩及少量的角闪正长岩。三叠纪岩浆活动时限为250~224Ma,出露面积较大,岩石组合有白云母花岗岩、二长花岗岩及碱性岩。这些广泛分布的多期次岩浆活动表明四子王旗地区在此期间经历了复杂的岩浆及构造作用过程。奥陶纪岩浆活动和石炭纪—早二叠世岩浆活动可能与古亚洲洋多次俯冲作用相关。中晚二叠世岩浆活动可能与西伯利亚板块和华北板块的碰撞作用有关。三叠纪岩浆活动与造山后伸展作用及岩石圈拆沉有关。     

扬子地台寒武系泥页岩甲烷吸附特征

对采自扬子地区寒武系黄柏岭组、幕府山组和牛蹄塘组的泥页岩进行了甲烷吸附性能及影响因素研究。所分析页岩的TOC含量在1.08%～4.16%之间;粘土矿物含量在36.7%～62.3%之间。页岩样品甲烷吸附量测定结果显示,寒武系页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量与页岩TOC含量之间总体上呈正相关性,表明有机质丰度是控制页岩甲烷吸附能力的重要因素。而粘土矿物总含量与页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量之间缺乏相关性,仅蒙脱石含量与页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量呈正相关性,显示个别粘土矿物具有较强的甲烷吸附及影响页岩吸附性能的作用。寒武系不同地区页岩吸附性能存在显著差异,遵义牛蹄塘组页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在2.76～5.30mL/g之间;南京幕府山组页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在1.36～4.35mL/g之间;池州黄柏岭组泥页岩甲烷最大理论吸附量在1.63～2.72mL/g之间。此外,寒武系不同地区页岩有机碳含量与甲烷吸附量之间关系变化很大,显示页岩吸附量不仅受有机质丰度类型的影响,而且受有机质成熟度、区域地质演化以及粘土矿物吸附等多种因素制约。     

Sr-S-K同位素示踪思茅盆地深部富钾盐体的物源

思茅盆地2350 m以深新发现了累计厚度149 m的富钾盐体。为了厘定其成钾物质来源,本文重点对15件钾石盐岩样品的Sr、K同位素和7件硬石膏岩样品的Sr、S同位素进行了分析。结果显示样品的Sr、S、K同位素均具有海水的特征,说明该盐体的成钾物质来源为海水。87Sr/86Sr值分别与δ34S. V- CDT值和δ41K值负相关揭示析盐期存在陆源淡水补给蒸发盆地。淡水补给导致样品的87Sr/86Sr值大于母源海水、δ34S. V- CDT和δ41K值小于母源海水。混源模拟计算显示钾石盐岩中淡水补给锶元素的比例为3. 3%~29. 2%,硬石膏岩中淡水补给锶元素的比例不超过35. 2%。淡水补给Sr、S、K元素的量较少,不足以影响我们根据相应的同位素指标对盐体母质来源的识别。本项研究综合应用传统的Sr- S同位素与新兴的K同位素示踪思茅盆地深部富钾盐体的物源,为进一步研究其成因机理提供了可靠的数据支撑。     

近期国外震源研究综述

本文简要介绍了近年来国外在地震震源、台阵（网）资料在震源参数研究中的应用,全球震源谱对比、地震破裂传播方向、遗传算法在震源参数研究中的应用,地震矩、拐角频率、震源尺度、应力降与震源模型的探讨,以及确定初动震源机制的新方法等方面的研究情况和动态,并对其中的研究结果给予了一定的评述。     

藏南晚白垩世宗卓组巨型混杂堆积的特征及其地裂-地震成因论证

藏南晚白垩世宗卓组为超常规模的地裂-地震成因的混杂堆积，主体为一套延伸距离远、厚度巨大的巨震浊积岩。分为基质和岩块两个组成部分，基质为泥、砂质浊积复理石，岩块的岩性有不同时代的砂岩、泥晶灰岩、结晶灰岩、火山岩和硅质岩等，物源主要来自印度板块北缘和洋壳本身。宗卓组中广泛发育有同沉积角砾岩、同沉积塑性变形、微断层、液化脉和砂岩脉等震积标志。依据岩块大小和碎屑沉积物粒径，这套巨震浊积岩可划分为8个“巨浊积旋回”，表现为8个地震周期。宗卓组震积岩形成于会聚板块边缘，是被动伸展构造环境的产物。     

渤海湾西北岸埋藏牡蛎礁体中的 壳体形态与沉积环境*

渤海湾西北岸沿岸平原分布的众多埋藏牡蛎礁体中的壳体形态和泥沙沉积物特征是不尽相同的。不同礁体中的壳体形态有明显的区别,有些礁体中的壳体细窄,有些礁体中的壳体较宽厚; 与此相对应,具有不同壳体形态的礁体中的沉积物颗粒和粘土含量也有明显的差别。文章分别对组成大吴庄和岭头两个礁体剖面的牡蛎壳体和泥质沉积物进行测量和分析,结果表明大吴庄礁体中壳体的重量随高度增长的速率大于岭头礁体中的壳体,而两个礁体中壳体的壳重随体积增长的速率大致相同; 组成礁体的壳体形态与礁体的沉积环境有关,沉积物较细、粘土含量高时发育细窄的壳体,沉积物较粗、粘土含量低时发育宽厚的壳体。渤海湾西北岸地区埋藏牡蛎礁体中的壳体本身记录了其生长时的环境信息,可以通过分析礁体中的壳体形态来恢复礁体建礁过程中的沉积环境。     

地球上的人工气候岛和大气污染源——天气与城市水问题

文章探讨了城市对气温等气象要素的影响规律，指出了城市气候是异于周围农村气候的人工气候岛，例如城市热岛（气温），雨岛（降水量），干岛（相对湿度）等。特殊的城市条件会给城市造成灾害，例如高温灾害，城市洪灾，城市风灾，酸雨，酸雾，光化学烟雾等，城市还有它它自己特有的气象现象，如城市热岛环流（乡村风），城市是地球上的主要大气污染源，在这个人工污染岛中居住，对居民的健康是不利的。     

熊耳山北坡拆离断层带地球化学特征及其与金银矿化的关系

熊耳山北坡发育一套典型的变质核杂岩构造，区内众多的金银矿床与变质核杂岩关系密切。研究表明，早期拆离断层带内Ａｕ，Ａｇ等成矿元素具有较高的富集系数，拆离断层对区内的缓倾层间破碎带型、陡倾构造蚀变岩型和爆破角砾岩型金银矿化具有不同形式的控制作用