全文获取类型
收费全文 | 34806篇 |
免费 | 2265篇 |
国内免费 | 3651篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 2156篇 |
大气科学 | 4341篇 |
地球物理 | 7324篇 |
地质学 | 16914篇 |
海洋学 | 2523篇 |
天文学 | 2116篇 |
综合类 | 3097篇 |
自然地理 | 2251篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 73篇 |
2023年 | 259篇 |
2022年 | 500篇 |
2021年 | 607篇 |
2020年 | 493篇 |
2019年 | 519篇 |
2018年 | 5171篇 |
2017年 | 4421篇 |
2016年 | 3107篇 |
2015年 | 729篇 |
2014年 | 763篇 |
2013年 | 663篇 |
2012年 | 1510篇 |
2011年 | 3278篇 |
2010年 | 2583篇 |
2009年 | 2873篇 |
2008年 | 2373篇 |
2007年 | 2807篇 |
2006年 | 477篇 |
2005年 | 610篇 |
2004年 | 693篇 |
2003年 | 704篇 |
2002年 | 591篇 |
2001年 | 400篇 |
2000年 | 405篇 |
1999年 | 537篇 |
1998年 | 477篇 |
1997年 | 432篇 |
1996年 | 431篇 |
1995年 | 327篇 |
1994年 | 322篇 |
1993年 | 294篇 |
1992年 | 255篇 |
1991年 | 207篇 |
1990年 | 168篇 |
1989年 | 140篇 |
1988年 | 120篇 |
1987年 | 57篇 |
1986年 | 69篇 |
1985年 | 45篇 |
1984年 | 38篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 38篇 |
1981年 | 34篇 |
1980年 | 40篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1958年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
湖南香花岭复式碱长花岗岩体侵入期次关系的识别 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
香花岭碱长花岗岩为一复式岩体。不同期次侵入体之间的接触关系、白色和绿色含铍条纹岩以及磁铁矿条纹岩与不同期次侵入体之间的对应关系、通天庙、塘官铺、太平和新风不同矿化组合与不同期次侵入体之间的成因联系以及遥感图像中的环形构造特点和差异明显的Rb-Sr同位素等时年龄表明该岩体是两期四次碱长花岗质岩浆侵入作用的产物,燕山早期的三次岩浆侵入与本区矿化关系密切;而燕山晚期的一次岩浆侵入与矿化无关。上述认识可对矿区的某些地质问题作出合理的解释。 相似文献
102.
The climate–population relationship has long been conceived. Although the topic has been repeatedly investigated, most of
the related works are Eurocentric or qualitative. Consequently, the relationship between climate and population remains ambiguous.
In this study, fine-grained temperature reconstructions and historical population data sets have been employed to statistically
test a hypothesized relationship between temperature change and population growth (i.e., cooling associated with below average
population growth) in China over the past millennium. The important results were: (1) Long-term temperature change significantly
determined the population growth dynamics of China. However, spatial variation existed, whilst population growth in Central
China was shown to be responsive to both long- and short-term temperature changes; in marginal areas, population growth was
only sensitive to short-term temperature fluctuations. (2) Temporally, the temperature–population relationship was obscured
in some periods, which was attributable to the factors of drought and social buffers. In summary, a temperature–population
relationship was mediated by geographic factors, the aridity threshold, and social factors. Given the upcoming threat posed
by climate change to human societies, this study seeks to improve our knowledge and understanding of the climate–society relationship. 相似文献
103.
乌鲁木齐市降水对大气污染的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
根据2002—2003年乌鲁木齐市SO2、NO2、PM10的日平均浓度和日降水量分析了乌鲁木齐市降水对3种大气污染物的湿清除能力。分析表明大雨对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于小雨,而小雨大于中雨。中雪对SO2和PM10的湿清除能力大于大雪,而大雪大于小雪。小量以上降水(降雨和降雪)对NO2的湿清除能力基本相当。微雨对3种大气污染物具有湿清除能力,而微雪使3种大气污染物的浓度增加。 相似文献
104.
UV attenuation in the cloudy atmosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jianhui Bai 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(3):211-228
Ultraviolet (UV) energy absorption plays a very important role in the Earth–atmosphere system. Based on observational data
for Beijing, we suggest that some atmospheric constituents utilize or transfer UV energy in chemical and photochemical (C&P) reactions, in addition to those which absorb UV energy directly. These constituents are primarily volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) emitted from both vegetative and anthropogenic sources. The total UV energy loss in the cloudy atmosphere for Beijing
in 1990 was 78.9 Wm−2. This attenuation was caused by ozone (48.3 Wm−2), other compounds in the atmosphere (26.6 Wm−2) and a scattering factor (4.0 Wm−2). Our results for a cloudy atmosphere in the Beijing area show that the absorption due to these other compounds occurs largely
through the mediation of water vapor. This fraction of energy loss has not been fully accounted for in previous models. Observations
and previous models results suggest that 1) a cloudy atmosphere absorbs 25∼30 Wm−2 more solar shortwave radiation than models predict; and 2) aerosols can significantly decrease the downward mean UV-visible
radiation and the absorbed solar radiation at the surface by up to 28 and 23 Wm−2, respectively. Thus, quantitative study of UV and visible absorption by atmospheric constituents involved in homogeneous
and heterogeneous C&P reactions is important for atmospheric models. 相似文献
105.
106.
José Luís Argaín Miguel A. C. Teixeira Pedro M. A. Miranda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):145-160
A method is proposed for estimating the surface-layer depth \((z_s)\) and the friction velocity \((u_*)\) as a function of stability (here quantified by the Obukhov length, L) over the complete range of unstable flow regimes. This method extends that developed previously for stable conditions by Argaín et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 130:15–28, 2009), but uses a qualitatively different approach. The method is specifically used to calculate the fractional speed-up \((\varDelta S)\) in flow over a ridge, although it is suitable for more general boundary-layer applications. The behaviour of \(z_s \left( L\right) \) and \(u_*\left( L\right) \) as a function of L is indirectly assessed via calculation of \(\varDelta S\left( L\right) \) using the linear model of Hunt et al. (Q J R Meteorol Soc 29:16–26, 1988) and its comparison with the field measurements reported in Coppin et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 69:173–199, 1994) and with numerical simulations carried out using a non-linear numerical model, FLEX. The behaviour of \(\varDelta S\) estimated from the linear model is clearly improved when \(u_*\) is calculated using the method proposed here, confirming the importance of accounting for the dependences of \(z_s\left( L \right) \) and \(u_*\left( L \right) \) on L to better represent processes in the unstable boundary layer. 相似文献
107.
Juan Huang Yanli Feng Jian Li Bin Xiong Jialiang Feng Sheng Wen Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Minghong Wu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):1-20
The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering
winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls
were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of
19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m−3 respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with
peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer
and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed
obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected
in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution
of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher
concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants
from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou,
the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in
Shanghai was even worse than expected. 相似文献
108.
General purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solvers are frequently used in small-scale urban pollution dispersion simulations
without a large extent of ver- tical flow. Vertical flow, however, plays an important role in the formation of local breezes,
such as urban heat island induced breezes that have great significance in the ventilation of large cities. The effects of
atmospheric stratification, anelasticity and Coriolis force must be taken into account in such simulations. We introduce a
general method for adapting pressure based CFD solvers to atmospheric flow simulations in order to take advantage of their
high flexibility in geometrical modelling and meshing. Compressibility and thermal stratification effects are taken into account
by utilizing a novel system of transformations of the field variables and by adding consequential source terms to the model
equations of incompressible flow. Phenomena involving mesoscale to microscale coupled effects can be analyzed without model
nesting, applying only local grid refinement of an arbitrary level. Elements of the method are validated against an analytical
solution, results of a reference calculation, and a laboratory scale urban heat island circulation experiment. The new approach
can be applied with benefits to several areas of application. Inclusion of the moisture transport phenomena and the surface
energy balance are important further steps towards the practical application of the method. 相似文献
109.
Comparison of surface variables from ERA and NCEP reanalysis with station data over eastern China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Zhaofei Liu Zongxue Xu Zhijun Yao Heqing Huang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(3-4):611-621
This study compared precipitation, mean air temperature (MAT) and mean sea level pressure (MSLP) from two widely used reanalysis datasets (ERA-40 and NCEP) with those from observed stations across eastern China. The evaluation was based on a comparison of both temporal and spatial variability and included several assessment criteria such as the mean values, normalized root mean square error, Mann–Kendall test, empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and probability density functions. The results showed that both the ERA-40 and NCEP datasets could capture temporal and spatial variability of the observed precipitation, MAT and MSLP over eastern China. The results showed that the two reanalysis datasets performed better for MAT and MSLP than for precipitation. Overall, the two reanalysis datasets revealed reasonable agreement with observations according to the evaluation. ERA-40 was better at capturing the temporal and spatial distributions for these three variables than NCEP, especially for MAT and MSLP. NCEP tended to overestimate the annual precipitation for both mean and extreme values, while ERA-40 tended to underestimate it, particularly for extreme values. The two reanalysis datasets performed better in the east and northeast regions of the study area than in other regions for capturing the temporal variability of MAT and MSLP. ERA-40 was poor at capturing the temporal variability of precipitation in northeastern China. According to the trend analysis, the two reanalysis datasets showed lower trends for MAT and precipitation and higher trends for MSLP. Both ERA-40 and NCEP had larger explained variances for the first two EOFs than the observed precipitation. This implies that both reanalysis datasets tend to simulate a more uniform spatial distribution for precipitation in the study area. 相似文献
110.
年代际气候变率问题的研究 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
对年代际气候变率的研究工作和主要结果作了综合评述,并对该领域的研究前景作了一定的阐述。 相似文献