TAZ-level variation in work trip mode choice between 1990 and 2000 and the presence of rail transit

Rail transit continues to be a popular alternative for cities as a tool for alleviating automobile congestion and for redeveloping areas into transit and pedestrian-friendly environments. Ideally, rail transit will draw trips away from cars, but the quantitative work that tests this notion has often been either case studies of neighborhoods, in which conclusions are tough to generalize, or citywide comparisons where important spatial variation is lost in aggregation. This study seeks to narrow this gap in the research by using multivariate analysis of covariance to isolate the effect of covariates and cities on changes in work trip mode choice at the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level for nine cities between 1990 and 2000. The results suggest differences by city in the change at the TAZ level of the proportion of people driving alone and taking transit. Increases in transit usage were associated with cities that built rail transit, while increases in automobile commuting and decreases in transit usage were associated with cities that did not.     

Analytical methods for error propagation in planar space–time prisms

The space–time prism demarcates all locations in space–time that a mobile object or person can occupy during an episode of potential or unobserved movement. The prism is central to time geography as a measure of potential mobility and to mobile object databases as a measure of location possibilities given sampling error. This paper develops an analytical approach to assessing error propagation in space–time prisms and prism–prism intersections. We analyze the geometry of the prisms to derive a core set of geometric problems involving the intersection of circles and ellipses. Analytical error propagation techniques such as the Taylor linearization method based on the first-order partial derivatives are not available since explicit functions describing the intersections and their derivatives are unwieldy. However, since we have implicit functions describing prism geometry, we modify this approach using an implicit function theorem that provides the required first-order partials without the explicit expressions. We describe the general method as well as details for the two spatial dimensions case and provide example calculations.     

Spatial Metrics to Analyse the Impact of Regional Factors on Pattern of Urbanisation in Gurgaon,India

In recent years, there has been lot of emphasis on the study of urban land use/ land cover changes to discover the growth pattern due to rapid urbanisation. This study presents spatial metrics and gradient analysis approach for quantifying and capturing changes in urban landscape using LISS III imagery of 1999, 2001 and 2004 of Gurgaon, India. A combination of spatial metrics i.e. percentage of landscape, mean patch size, number of patches, landscape shape index and largest patch index, available in Fragstats ver. 3.3, have been used to quantify the patterns of urban growth in different directions in terms of size, shape and complexity of development. The local built-up areas were quantified by the “moving window” technique. A gradient analysis has been carried out through sampling from a reference point to 8 km in 16 directions with a window size of 500 mts. Results of this study demonstrate the potential of spatial metrics and gradient modelling to quantify the impact of regional factors on the growth pattern of Gurgaon city.     

Transverse Mercator with an accuracy of a few nanometers

Implementations of two algorithms for the transverse Mercator projection are described; these achieve accuracies close to machine precision. One is based on the exact equations of Thompson and Lee and the other uses an extension of Krüger’s series for the mapping to higher order. The exact method provides an accuracy of 9 nm over the entire ellipsoid, while the errors in the series method are less than 5 nm within 3900 km of the central meridian. In each case, the meridian convergence and scale are also computed with similar accuracy. The speed of the series method is competitive with other less accurate algorithms and the exact method is about five times slower.     

Self-calibration Applied in Converting Simulation Surveying

In the field of converting simulation surveying and traditional close range photogrammetry, it has been developed so far to survey objects by commercial digital camera and this technique is applied widely in every part of production. In order to get three-dimensional information of objects, commercial digital camera must be examined. For a long time, digital camera has been examined by DLT. Then there must be a high-precision control field. For realizing surveying without control points, a method for self-calibration is proposed.     

Supervised SAR Image MPM Segmentation Based on Region-Based Hierarchical Model

This letter presents a novel method of supervised multiresolution segmentation for synthetic aperture radar images. The method uses a region-based half-tree hierarchical Markov random field model for multiresolution segmentation. To form the region-based multilayer model, the watershed algorithm is employed at each resolution level independently. The nodes of a quadtree in the proposed model are defined as regions instead of pixels. The relationship over scale is studied, and the region-based upward and downward maximization of posterior marginal estimations are deduced. The experimental results for the segmentation of homogeneous areas prove the region-based model much better in terms of robustness to speckle and preservation of edges compared to the pixel-based hierarchical model and the Gibbs sampler with the single-resolution model     

Study on the urban heat island effects and its relationship with surface biophysical characteristics using MODIS imageries

This study assesses surface urban heat island (UHI) and its associated surface physical characteristics using remote sensing approaches. TERRA/MODIS images acquired in 2005 in three different seasons were selected to generate land surface tem-perature and surface characteristics for the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan metropolitan area in China. The intensity of urban heat is-land effects and its seasonal variations were examined. The result showed that UHI effects were significant both in the summer and the spri...     

基于LIDAR数据的建筑物轮廓提取

建筑物轮廓的准确提取是建筑物三维重建中最重要的一步。本文在研究已有建筑物轮廓提取方法的基础上,针对LIDAR离散的点云数据,提出了一种自动快速提取建筑物轮廓信息的方法。首先通过点云数据生成城市的数字表面模型(DSM)和数字地面模型(DTM)相减计算得出规则化的数字表面模型(nDSM),进而将地面点和非地面点进行分类;其次,考虑到地物的几何特性,提出一种8邻域搜索的方法对非地面点点云进行分割,得到建筑物表面点云;最后运用基于梯度图的边界跟踪的方法来获取建筑物的轮廓信息。实验表明:该方法能有效地提取建筑物轮廓。     

导航星座抗毁组网结构研究

为提高整个二代导航卫星网络的抗毁性能,对其抗毁组网结构进行了研究。基于分群管理、链路冗余与修补方法,提出并设计分析了一种基于GEO星层、MEO星层以及地面节点联合组网的二代导航卫星网络组网结构,根据快照周期内位置固定的方法对星座中MEO星层进行分群管理,设计其群首的备份选择机制,以及群首MEO替代失效群管理者GEO机制,提高了星座网络的通信链路的抗毁性。通过分析二代导航卫星网络中数据传输过程与类型,设计网络结构中群内、星层以及整个二代导航星座的通信链路,特别是对星座中MEO星层的通信链路进行充分的冗余设计,启用视距范围内间隔失效卫星间次相邻卫星节点链路连接的链路设计,并同时提高了整个二代导航卫星网络的通信性能和通信容量,可以满足各种不同业务需求的数据包传输。     

Integrating terrain and vegetation indices for identifying potential soil erosion risk area

The present paper offers an innovative method to monitor the change in soil erosion potential by integrating terrain and vegetation indices derived from remote sensing data. Three terrain indices namely, topographic wetness index (TWI), stream power index (SPI) and slope length factor (LS), were derived from the digital elevation model. Normalized vegetation index (NDVI) was derived for the year 1988 and 2004 using remote sensing images. K-mean clustering was performed on staked indices to categorize the study area into four soil erosion potential classes. The validation of derived erosion potential map using USLE model showed a good agreement. Results indicated that there was a significant change in the erosion potential of the watershed and a gradual shifting of lower erosion potential class to next higher erosion potential class over the study period.