会聚束电子衍射对葡萄石空间群的辅助测定

利用透射电子显微技术测定了湖北大冶铁山矿床中的微米级葡萄石空间群。选区电子衍射几何构图法分析表明,该矿物系斜方晶系,衍射消光符号为Ｐｎ－－晶胞参数为α＝０．４５８,ｂ＝０．５５５和ｃ＝１．８５３ｎｍ。（１００）和（３０１）方向的会聚束电子衍射花样研究表明,其空间群为Ｐｎｃｍ。     

Spatiotemporal changes of land desertification sensitivity in northwest China from 2000 to 2017

Sensitivity assessment is useful for monitoring land desertification.Research into how to prevent and control desertification is also important.In the arid region of northwest China,desertification is becoming worse and is a serious problem that affects local sustain-able development.Based on remote-sensing and geographic information system technology,this study establishes a"soil-terrain-hydrology-climate-vegetation"desertification sensitivity comprehensive evaluation system to reflect the spatiotemporal changes of land desertifica-tion,and proposes a spatial distance model to calculate a desertification sensitivity index.The spatiotemporal change characteristics of land desertification sensitivity in northwest China are quantitatively assessed from 2000 to 2017.Moreover,the main driving factors are ana-lyzed using the geographical detector method.The results show the following.(1)Terrain,soil,climate,vegetation and hydrology affect and restrict each other,and constitute the back-ground conditions of the distributions and changes of sensitivity to desertification in northwest China.(2)Desertification sensitivity generally displays a low distribution characteristic on the periphery of the area and a high one in the interior.The low-sensitivity regions are mainly in the five major mountain ranges(Altai Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Kunlun Mountains,Altun Mountains and Qilian Mountains),while the high-sensitivity regions are mainly in re-gions such as the Junggar Basin,the Tarim Basin and the Inner Mongolia Plateau,as well as the Taklimakan Desert,Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert.The spatial distribution of desertification sensitivity is obviously regional,and the high-and low-sensitivity regions have clear boundaries and a concentrated distribution.(3)With regard to spatiotemporal evolution,changes in desertification sensitivity since 2000 have been predominantly stable,and the overall sensitivity has displayed a slowly decreasing trend,indicating that potential desertifi-cation regions are decreasing annually and that some achievements have been made in the control of regional desertification. (4) Soil and climate play a direct role in the driving factors of desertification in northwest China, and these have been found to be the most important in-fluential factors. Vegetation is the most active and basic factor in changing the sensitivity. In addition, topography and hydrology play a role in restricting desertification changes. So-cio-economic factors are the most rapid factors affecting regional desertification sensitivity,and their impacts tend to be gradually increasing. In general, desertification has been effec-tively controlled in northwest China, and positive results have been achieved in such control.However, against the backdrop of intensified global climate change, increasingly prominent human activities and new normals of socio-economic development, the monitoring, assess-ment and control of desertification in China still have a long way to go.     

A review of progress in coupled ocean-atmosphere model developments for ENSO studies in China

El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is the strongest interannual signal that is producedby basinscale processes in the tropical Pacific,with significant effects on weather and climate worldwide.In the past,extensive and intensive international efforts have been devoted to coupled model developments for ENSO studies.A hierarchy of coupled ocean-atmo sphere models has been formulated;in terms of their complexity,they can be categorized into intermediate coupled models(ICMs),hybrid coupled models(HCMs),and fully coupled general circulation models(CGCMs).ENSO modeling has made significant progress over the past decades,reaching a stage where coupled models can now be used to successfully predict ENSO events 6 months to one year in advance.Meanwhile,ENSO exhibits great diversity and complexity as observed in nature,which still cannot be adequately captured by current state-of-the-art coupled models,presenting a challenge to ENSO modeling.We primarily reviewed the long-term efforts in ENSO modeling continually and steadily made at different institutions in China;some selected representative examples are presented here to review the current status of ENSO model developments and applications,which have been actively pursued with noticeable progress being made recently.As ENSO simulations are very sensitive to model formulations and process representations etc.,dedicated efforts have been devoted to ENSO model developments and improvements.Now,different ocean-atmosphere coupled models have been available in China,which exhibit good model performances and have already had a variety of applications to climate modeling,including the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6).Nevertheless,large biases and uncertainties still exist in ENSO simulations and predictions,and there are clear rooms for their improvements,which are still an active area of researches and applications.Here,model performances of ENSO simulations are assessed in terms of advantages and disadvantages with these differently formulated coupled models,pinpointing to the areas where they need to be further improved for ENSO studies.These analyses provide valuable guidance for future improvements in ENSO simulations and predictions.     

Historical simulation and twenty-first century prediction of oceanic CO2 sink and pH change

A global ocean carbon cycle model based on the ocean general circulation model POP and the improved biogeochemical model OCMIP-2 is employed to simulate carbon cycle processes under the historically observed atmospheric CO 2 concentration and different future scenarios (called Rep- resentative Concentration Pathways, or RCPs). The RCPs in this paper follow the design of Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The model results show that the ocean absorbs CO 2 from atmosphere and the absorbability will continue in the 21st century under the four RCPs. The net air-sea CO 2 flux increased during the historical time and reached 1.87 Pg/a (calculated by carbon) in 2005; however, it would reach peak and then decrease in the 21st century. The ocean absorbs CO 2 mainly in the mid latitude, and releases CO 2 in the equator area. However, in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) area the ocean would change from source to sink under the rising CO 2 concentration, including RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5. In 2100, the anthropogenic carbon would be transported to the 40 S in the Atlantic Ocean by the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), and also be transported to the north by the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) along the Antarctic continent in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The ocean pH value is also simulated by the model. The pH decreased by 0.1 after the industrial revolution, and would continue to decrease in the 21st century. For the highest concentration sce- nario of RCP8.5, the global averaged pH would decrease by 0.43 to reach 7.73 due to the absorption of CO 2 from atmosphere.     

聚晶金刚石复合片残余热应力的影响因素

残余热应力是影响聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)性能好坏的最重要因素之一。考虑聚晶金刚石层(PCD)与硬质合金层厚度比以及PDC压制过程中烧结温度的波动对聚晶金刚石复合片残余热应力的影响,在ANSYS中建立PDC模型,运用热-结耦合法分析PDC的残余热应力。计算表明,随着PCD层与硬质合金层厚度比由0.067增加到0.333,PCD层表面中心的压应力由1.61 GPa降低到380 MPa,PCD层最大径向压应力由1.61 GPa降低1.03 GPa左右,而PCD层边缘靠近界面附近最大轴向拉应力逐渐增大;随着PDC压制过程中烧结温度由1000℃升高到1500℃,PCD层的最大径向压应力、最大轴向拉应力以及最大剪应力等均逐渐增大。认为,在研究PDC合成新工艺过程中,应在保证PDC使用寿命的前提下尽量降低PCD层与硬质合金层厚度比;必须尽量切断原材料以及人为操作对温度的影响。      

Distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils and the underlying unsaturated subsurface at an abandoned petrochemical site,North China

Contamination characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils and the underlying unsaturated subsurface were analysed by investigating and sampling at different depth of five boreholes named SH1 through SH5 at a typical petrochemical site, North China. Topsoil volatile organic gas measurement revealed that SH‐3 was the center of one pollution plume. Soil samples analysis showed that aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons were major pollutants. Their maximum concentration was found at 6.5 and 14.6 m of SH‐2, 13 m of SH‐5, and 18.5 m of SH‐3. These pollutants are mostly accumulated on the interface between two different lithological layers, especially between the sand and silt clay layers. Denitrifying and iron reducing were main biogeochemical processes in this site. Under the influence of groundwater level fluctuation, free NAPLs passed through the boundary and dissolved into the lower groundwater. Knowledge of these associations between contaminant distributions and affecting factors could have implications for soil and groundwater pollution prevention and control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismoelectric measurements in a porous quartz‐sand sample with anisotropic permeability

Seismoelectric coupling coefficients are difficult to predict theoretically because they depend on a large numbers of rock properties, including porosity, permeability, tortuosity, etc. The dependence of the coupling coefficient on rock properties such as permeability requires experimental data. In this study, we carry out a set of laboratory measurements to determine the dependence of seismoelectric coupling coefficient on permeability. We use both an artificial porous “sandstone” sample, with cracks, built using quartz‐sand and Berea sandstone samples. The artificial sample is a cube with 39% porosity. Its permeability levels are anisotropic: 14.7 D, 13.8 D, and 8.3 D in the x‐, y‐, and z‐directions, respectively. Seismoelectric measurements are performed in a water tank in the frequency range of 20 kHz–90 kHz. A piezoelectric P‐wave source is used to generate an acoustic wave that propagates through the sample from the three different (x, y, and z) directions. The amplitudes of the seismoelectric signal induced by the acoustic waves vary with the direction. The highest signal is in the direction of the highest permeability, and the lowest signal is in the direction of the lowest permeability. Since the porosity of the sample is constant, the results directly show the dependence of seismoelectric coefficients on permeability. Seismoelectric measurements with natural rocks are performed using Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. Because the Berea samples are nearly isotropic in permeability, the amplitudes of the seismoelectric signals induced in the different directions are the same within the measurement error. Because the permeability of Berea 500 is higher than that of Berea 100, the amplitude of the seismoelectric signals induced in Berea 500 is higher than those in Berea 100. To determine the relative contributions of porosity and permeability on seismoelectric conversion, we carried out an analysis, using Pride (1994) formulation and Kozeny–Carman relationship; the normalized amplitudes of seismoelectric coupling coefficients in three directions are calculated and compared with the experimental results. The results show that the seismoelectric conversion is related to permeability in the frequency range of measurements. This is an encouraging result since it opens the possibility of determining the permeability of a formation from seismoelectric measurements.     

动电测井实验研究Ⅱ:伴随动电场和界面动电场

动电效应指孔隙介质中与固/液界面的双电层和孔隙流体渗流有关的弹性-电磁耦合现象,探索基于动电效应的勘探和测井新方法则是石油工业重点关注的研究方向之一.本文对流体饱和孔隙介质中的动电效应进行了实验测量研究,记录到了不同模型井中伴随声波的动电转换信号和界面动电转换信号,对比分析了这两种动电信号的产生条件及传播特性,验证了理论分析结果,并进一步研究了动电信号的分波成分及其与声波信号的关系,探讨了声源激发模式、电极接收方式及数据处理方法对动电信号的影响,为动电测井仪器设计奠定实验基础.     

Analysis on Environmental Pollution in China’s Coastal Ecosystem

In recent years, with the rapid development of China’s economy, the coastal environment is facing large pressure. However, the coastal environment pollution has not attracted much attention as air pollution and land water pollution. Based on the data on economic development and marine ecosystem environmental pollution which collected from the National Bureau of Statistics and China’s coastal marine environmental monitoring, the paper analyzes the overall coastal ecosystem environment pollution in China as well as the four sea areas the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and South China Sea. The paper finds that the coastal marine environment pollution differ in different sea areas, taking the seawater quality, over-standard pollutants, water quality of rivers entering seas and coastal marine environmental disasters, such as red tide as index. Couple of policy suggestions provided based on research findings.     

全球海洋碳循环三维数值模拟研究

基于海洋环流模式POP和生物地球化学模型OCMIP-2,建立了全球海洋碳循环模式,并用于对全球海洋碳循环的模拟研究。该模式在大气CO₂为283×10-6条件下,积分3 100 a,达到工业革命前的平衡态。在此基础上,用历史时期观测的大气CO₂浓度进行强迫,模拟了历史时期的海洋碳循环。模拟的无机碳浓度、总碱度与基于观测得到的结果基本一致,模式能够较好地模拟全球碳循环过程。模拟结果表明,在北半球中高纬度和南半球的中纬度,海洋是大气CO₂的主要汇区;在赤道南北纬20°之间和南大洋50°S以南,海洋表现为大气CO₂的源区。在1980s海洋吸收CO₂速率(以C计)为1.38 Pg/a,1990s为1.55 Pg/a。海洋中人为碳在北大西洋含量最大,向下到达海底并向南输运到30°N附近;在南极附近,浓度较小,深度达到3 000 m;在中纬度,人为碳被限制在温跃层以上。