Statistical Modeling with a Hidden Markov Tree and High-resolution Interpolation for Spaceborne Radar Reflectivity in the Wavelet Domain

With the increasing availability of precipitation radar data from space, enhancement of the resolution of spaceborne precipitation observations is important, particularly for hazard prediction and climate modeling at local scales relevant to extreme precipitation intensities and gradients. In this paper, the statistical characteristics of radar precipitation reflectivity data are studied and modeled using a hidden Markov tree (HMT) in the wavelet domain. Then, a high-resolution interpolation algorithm is proposed for spaceborne radar reflectivity using the HMT model as prior information. Owing to the small and transient storm elements embedded in the larger and slowly varying elements, the radar precipitation data exhibit distinct multiscale statistical properties, including a non-Gaussian structure and scale-to-scale dependency. An HMT model can capture well the statistical properties of radar precipitation, where the wavelet coefficients in each sub-band are characterized as a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and the wavelet coefficients from the coarse scale to fine scale are described using a multiscale Markov process. The state probabilities of the GMM are determined using the expectation maximization method, and other parameters, for instance, the variance decay parameters in the HMT model are learned and estimated from high-resolution ground radar reflectivity images. Using the prior model, the wavelet coefficients at finer scales are estimated using local Wiener filtering. The interpolation algorithm is validated using data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite, and the reconstructed results are found to be able to enhance the spatial resolution while optimally reproducing the local extremes and gradients.     

Examination of Daytime Length＇s Influence on Phytoplankton Growth in Jiaozhou Bay, China

This study showed how the daytime length in Jiaozhou Bay affected the water temperature, which in turn affected the phytoplankton growth when solar radiation was sufficient for phytoplankton photosynthesis. Jiaozhou Bay observation data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 were used to analyze the daytime length vs water temperature relationship. Our study showed that daytime length and the variation controlled the cycle of water temperature flunctuation. Should the cyclic variation curve of the daytime length be moved back for two months it would be superimposed with temperature change. The values of daytime length and temperature that calculated in the dynamical model of daytime length lag vs water temperature were consistent with observed values. The light radiation and daytime length in this model determined the photochemistry process and the enzymic catalysis process of phytoplankton photosynthesis. In addition, by considering the effect of the daytime length on water temperature and photosynthesis, we could comprehend the joint effect of daytime length, water temperature, and nutrients, on the spatiotemperal variation of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay.     

球形粒子毫米波k-Z关系研究

由于毫米波更接近云粒子尺度,毫米波雷达越来越多地被用来探测云粒子及尺度较小的降水粒子.但是,在使用毫米波雷达探测时,要考虑云和降水粒子散射和吸收以及大气气体吸收所造成的衰减.结合毫米波测云雷达数据处理的实际需要,研究云中衰减系数k与雷达反射率因子Z的关系.假设粒子为小球形,云、雨滴谱分别服从K-M分布和Γ分布,通过模拟...     

大气电场仪观测结果的修订

大气电场仪是测量大气电场的重要设备,其测量结果受多种因素影响.通过一系列对比试验表明:电场仪采用探头正置或倒置结构时的观测结果基本一致,倒置结构有利于避免雨水带来的影响.不同的安装环境对测量结果的影响很大,为了消除这种影响,提出了对观测数据进行地面修订的方法,得到不同天气条件下的修订系数.所得结果对于实现多站电场仪联网观测的数据一致性有重要实际意义.     

地基微波辐射计工作环境对K波段亮温观测影响

该文研究地基微波辐射计天线性能及其工作环境对K波段20~30 GHz亮温观测数据的影响,根据辐射传输理论和天线性能参数分析建立模型,通过模拟计算给出辐射计20~30 GHz波段亮温观测对天线性能及其工作环境的响应,提出针对工作环境温度变化影响的订正方案,并结合观测资料进行分析验证。结果表明:如果辐射计天线增益和3 dB波束宽度决定的等效主波束效率η_e较低,则即使在能够经常进行辐射计系统液氮定标的情况下也必须考虑天线工作环境 (环境温度与辐射计定标时的情景差异) 对K波段亮温观测的影响。对某一辐射计液氮定标后1年多观测资料的订正验证表明:订正效果明显,尤其是在28.0 GHz和30.0 GHz两通道。     

Water vapor motion signal extraction from FY-2E longwave infrared window images for cloud-free regions: The temporal difference technique

The aim of this study is to calculate the low-level atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in clear areas with FY-2E IR2 window （11.59-12.79 μm） channel imagery,where the traditional cloud motion wind technique fails.A new tracer selection procedure,which we call the temporal difference technique,is demonstrated in this paper.This technique makes it possible to infer low-level wind by tracking features in the moisture pattern that appear as brightness temperature （TB） differences between consecutive sequences of 30-min-interval FY-2E IR2 images over cloud-free regions.The TB difference corresponding to a 10％ change in water vapor density is computed with the Moderate Resolution Atmospheric Transmission （MODTRAN4） radiative transfer model.The total contribution from each of the 10 layers is analyzed under four typical atmospheric conditions：tropical,midlatitude summer,U.S.standard,and midlatitude winter.The peak level of the water vapor weighting function for the four typical atmospheres is assigned as a specific height to the TB ＂wind＂.This technique is valid over cloudfree ocean areas.The proposed algorithm exhibits encouraging statistical results in terms of vector difference （VD）,speed bias （BIAS）,mean vector difference （MVD）,standard deviation （SD）,and root-mean-square error （RMSE）,when compared with the wind field of NCEP reanalysis data and rawinsonde observations.     

FY-2E红外通道晴空沙尘区时间差分法导风研究

利用大气红外辐射传输模式,结合FY-2E静止卫星红外窗区光谱响应函数,模拟计算了标准大气环境下0-5 km各高度层气溶胶消光系数增量为50%和30%两种情况下对FY-2E红外1通道亮温增量的贡献。定量分析了春季气溶胶消光系数对亮温增量的影响以及主要影响高度。结合FY-2E红外1通道灵敏度,提出了可用于红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号移动追踪的"时间差分法"。理论模拟计算和实例分析表明,在一定条件下,"时间差分法"追踪红外通道晴空沙尘气溶胶微弱示踪信号的移动,可以获得传统云导风所无法得到的干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区的风场信息,且反演得到的风场与美国国家环境预报中心NCEP再分析资料850 hPa风场有着很好的一致性。     

FY-2E分裂窗晴空沙尘区导风初步研究

干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区风场信息作为沙尘监测的一个重要组成部分,能够为沙尘移向预报提供宝贵的资料。结合目前日趋成熟的红外分裂窗差值监测沙尘及卫星导风技术,针对FY-2E气象卫星,首先利用MODTRAN辐射传输模式对沙尘晴空区特征进行敏感性分析,再将经过图像掩膜及线性处理后的分裂窗差值图像代入导风计算程序计算,获得了传统卫星导风所无法得到的水汽含量低值区风场信息。实际个例分析表明,得到的沙尘区风场与NCEP再分析资料850hPa风场有很好的一致性,能够为监测沙尘移动提供良好的风场信息。     

714XDP-A型X波段多参数气象雷达产品生成软件开发

选用Visual C 6.0语言,开发了X波段多参数气象雷达产品生成软件.该软件由原始数据读取和图形产品生成两部分软件组成.利用该软件可根据数据产品制作图、表,并根据雷达图形产品分析强降水天气过程.