Interannual variability in the sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones in the South China Sea

Sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is an important component of air-sea interactions. Using coordinate transformation and composite analysis methods, we examined the interannual variability in TC-induced sea surface cooling (TCSSC) in the South China Sea (SCS). The frequency of surface cooling cases was over 86% and that of surface warming cases was less than 14%. The magnitude of TCSSC was defined as the absolute value of TCSSC. The maximum magnitude of TCSSC occurred on the right side of the TC track, and the mean magnitude of TCSSC decreased by 0.04°C/a from 2006 to 2018. The interannual variability in TCSSC was highly correlated with the TC translation speed and pre-TC mixed layer depth. Notably, TCSSC got enhanced in El Ni?o years of 2007, 2010, and 2015. The El Ni?o types were suggested to determine the occurring periods of strong TCSSC via controlling the positions of SCS anticyclones, which brought pre-TC shallow mixed layer and caused strong TCSSC via vertical mixing process during El Ni?o events. To quantify how the anticyclone influences TCSSC, we need to use mixed layer heat balances model in the next study.     

地基微波辐射计资料的等值线自动绘制方法

利用美国国家大气研究中心（National Center for Atmospheric Research,NCAR）中尺度模式（WRF-ARW）以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）三维变分同化系统GSI（Gridpoint StatisticalInterpolation）,对2005年6月20-21日发生在广东省中部的一场致洪暴雨进行了模拟。与雨量计观测的和卫星反演的降水混合资料相比,模式能够成功地模拟出降水的位置和强度。但数值模拟的效果很大程度上取决于3个条件：模式分辨率;物理过程方案;初始条件。在此次暴雨的模拟中,采用Eta Ferrier微物理方案、内层区域4km细分辨率与外层区域12km粗分辨率组成双层嵌套网格和卫星辐射资料同化的初始化方案是非常合适的。     

卫星导风在台风路径预报中的应用进展

台风作为全球危害巨大的自然灾害,对其路径预报的准确度尤为重要.在常规观测资料稀少的热带洋面上,卫星云图是监测热带气旋的主要工具,其中卫星导风技术,通过对云及晴空区特征的追踪,反演出的卫星风矢,在一定程度上弥补了海洋上由于风场观测资料稀缺对台风路径研究的限制,显著提高了台风路径预报水平.结合近年来逐步成熟的卫星导风中的云导风技术在台风预报上的应用,总结了国内云导风技术在改善台风路径预报中的贡献,如加密观测资料、台风中心定位、优化数值模式初始场和客观分析场、构造人造台风Bogus模型以及由其揭示的发展和不发展热带气旋的对流层上部环流特征,同时展望了卫星导风技术及其资料在台风预报实际应用中有待进一步研究的内容.     

双/多基地天气雷达探测小椭球降水粒子的侧向散射能力

首先给出小椭球粒子侧向和后向散射截面的表达式,将其中相关参数用双基地雷达坐标系中的量表示,在定义小椭球粒子侧向散射能力后,分别推导出发射水平与垂直偏振波条件下估算侧向散射能力的算式,并通过仿真计算,获得各高度上的侧向散射能力和分布情况.得出的主要结果为:(1)发射水平偏振波时,在低高度的等高面上,当离开基线垂直向上或向下距离增加时,侧向散射能力先逐渐变小到最小值后,再逐渐增大.在基线左、右的延线上也基本呈这种分布,仅在主站与子站的垂直方向上存在侧向散射能力的最低区域.随着等高面高度升高,侧向散射能力分布情况基本相似,仅子站上下的弱侧向散射值有所提高.(2)发射垂直偏振波时,在低高度水平面上无论被探测的扁旋转椭球粒子处在该平面上(除主站与子站张培昌等:双/多基地天气雷达探测小椭球降水粒子的侧向散射能力.     

近地面大气电场数据EMD方法分析

将经验模态分解(EMD)方法应用于2009年夏季近地面大气电场资料的分析,分解出雷暴和晴天天气大气电场的不同时间尺度变化分量,并提取两类天气状态下的大气电场振荡特征进行对比.结果表明:EMD方法适合应用于近地面大气电场资料的分析,雷暴天气大气电场以晴天天气大气电场作为背景场,包含了周期振荡平稳的晴天天气成分;晴天天气大气电场能量集中于长周期振荡分量,而雷暴电场能量主要是集中于短周期振荡分量.发生雷暴前,IMF(本征模态函数)1分量的中心频率会出现明显跳跃或其对应幅度明显增大的现象.利用这些特征对随机选出的38次过程进行预报效果检验,得到预警的探测概率为84.2％.     

青藏高原东部暴雨云团局地强降水响应特征

为研究青藏高原(简称"高原")东部暴雨云团的局地强降水响应特征,使用FY-2卫星红外通道数据,选择降水开始前4小时直到降水结束后2小时的时段,对高原东部19次典型局地暴雨过程分两种方式进行云团分析,第一种方式为针对测站上空7×7像元范围的云团进行云顶温度变化等相关分析,第二种方式为对关键四省范围内的云团进行识别和追踪,并计算对流云团参数。对暴雨云团的雷达回波特征也进行了分析。结果表明:(1)7×7像元范围红外各通道的云顶温度变化趋势一致,降水阶段云顶温度先降后升,云顶温度梯度先升后降。云顶温度梯度极大值Gmax的峰值和半小时内Gmax的最大上升变化值ΔGmax均出现在强降水前(0—11 h),Gmax峰值次数为1—2次,云顶温度极小值Tmin的谷值多出现在强降水之前,Tmin曲线斜率大值阶段对应Gmax的大值阶段,ΔGmax,Gmax和Tmin的极值分别可达到22.3℃,48.3℃和-90.3℃。(2)用7×7范围云顶温度及温度梯度建立的降水量级预报方程能较好地模拟小时降水量随时间的变化趋势且有一定的预报提前时间,预报误差在1个降水量级内。在考虑了Gmax峰值对强降水的贡献后R2由0.23提高到0.54,模拟的降水量峰值与真值峰值明显接近。(3)对流云团的识别追踪方法更简单有效,对形变较小的云团(相关系数≥0.5)的准确率为100%,对发生了合并或分裂等严重形变的云团(一般相关系数0.5)的识别结果正确而追踪结果无效;(4)高原东部暴雨云团均为中-β—中-α尺度,水汽柱深厚但强度比低海拔地区更弱,测站暴雨开始之前多数有对流云团覆盖,若对流云团空间参数位置靠近测站,当空间距离至少小于或等于15个像距时降水或强降水将在几小时内产生。(5)暴雨云团在雷达回波图上表现为强降水超级单体风暴特征,且暴雨测站7×7范围Gmax峰值时刻对应有回波顶高度(18 dBz)的梯度极大值,红外1、红外2和红外3通道的Tmin谷值时刻分别对应回波顶高度极大值和垂直累积液态水含量的极大值。本研究结果对高原强对流云团的识别、跟踪及短时降水预报等具有重要参考价值。     

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Fluid and melt inclusions in the Mesozoic Fangcheng basalt from North China Craton: implications for magma evolution and fluid/melt-peridotite reaction

Melt inclusions and fluid inclusions in the Fangcheng basalt were investigated to understand the magma evolution and fluid/melt-peridotite interaction. Primary silicate melt inclusions were trapped in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in the Fangcheng basalt. Three types of melt inclusions (silicate, carbonate, and sulfide) coexisting with fluid inclusions occur in clinopyroxene xenocrysts and clinopyroxene in clinopyroxenite xenoliths. In situ laser-ablation ICP-MS analyses of major and trace element compositions on individual melt inclusions suggest that the silicate melt inclusions in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts were trapped from the same basaltic magma. The decoupling of major and trace elements in the melt inclusions indicates that the magma evolution was controlled by melt crystallization and contamination from entrapped ultramafic xenoliths. Trace element patterns of melt inclusions are similar to those of the average crust of North China Craton and Yangtze Craton, suggesting a considerable crustal contribution to the magma source. Calculated parental melt of the Fangcheng basalt has features of low MgO (5.96 wt%), high Al₂O₃ (16.81 wt%), Sr (1,670 ppm), Y (>35 ppm), and high Sr/Y (>40), implying that subducted crustal material was involved in the genesis of the Fangcheng basalt. The coexisting fluid and melt inclusions in clinopyroxene xenocrysts and in clinopyroxene of xenoliths record a rare melt-peridotite reaction, that is olivine + carbonatitic melt₁ (rich in Ca) = clinopyroxene + melt₂ ± CO₂. The produced melt₂ is enriched in LREE and CO₂ and may fertilize the mantle significantly, which we consider to be the cause for the rapid replacement of lithospheric mantle during the Mesozoic in the region.     

Examination of Silicate Limitation of Primary Production in Jiaozhou Bay,China Ⅱ.Critical Value and Time of Silicate Limitation and Satisfaction of the Phytoplankton Growth

Analysis and comparison of Jiaozhou Bay data collected from May 1991 to February 1994 revealed the spatiotemporal variations of the ambient Si(OH)₄:NO₃ (Si:N) concentration rations and the seasonal variations of (Si:N) ratios in Jiaozhou Bay and showed that the Si:N ratios were <1 throughout Jiaozhou Bay in spring, autumn, and winter. These results provide further evidence that silicate limits the growth of phytoplankton (i.e. diatoms) in spring, autumn and winter. Moreover, comparison of the spatiotemporal variations of the Si:N ratio and primary production in Jiaozhou Bay suggested their close relationship. The spatiotemporal pattern of dissolved silicate matched well that of primary production in Jiaozhou Bay. Along with the environmental change of Jiaozhou Bay in the last thirty years, the N and P concentrations tended to rise, whereas Si concentration showed cyclic seasonal variations. With the variation of nutrient Si limiting the primary production in mind, the authors found that the range of values of primary production is divided into three parts: the basic value of Si limited primary production, the extent of Si limited primary production and the critical value of Si limited primary production, which can be calculated for Jiaozhou Bay by Equations (1), (2) and (3), showing that the time of the critical value of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay is around November 3 to November 13 in autumn; and that the time of the critical value of Si satisfaction of phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay is around May 22 to June 7 in spring. Moreover, the calculated critical value of Si satisfactory for phytoplankton growth is 2.15–0.76 μmol/L and the critical value of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth is 1.42–0.36 μmol/L; so that the time period of Si limitation of phytoplankton growth is around November 13 to May 22 in the next year; the time period of Si satisfactory for phytoplankton growth is around June 7 to November 3. This result also explains why critical values of nutrient silicon affect phytoplankton growth in spring and autumn are different in different waters of Jiaozhou Bay and also indicates how the silicate concentration affects the phytoplankton assemblage structure. The dilution of silicate concentration by seawater exchange affects the growth of phytoplankton so that the primary production of phytoplankton declines outside Jiaozhou Bay earlier than inside Jiaozhou Bay by one and half months. This study showed that Jiaozhou Bay phytoplankton badly need silicon and respond very sensitively and rapidly to the variation of silicon. This study was funded by NSFC (No. 40036010) and subsidized by Special Funds from National Key Basic Research Program of P. R. China (G19990437), the Postdoctoral Foundation of Ocean University of Qingdao, the Director's Foundation of the Beihai Monitoring Center of the State Oceanic Administration and the Foundation of Shanghai Fisheries University.