Ammonium regeneration in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze estuary during air-exposure

The influences of exposure to the atmosphere on ammonium cycle in the intertidal surface sediments were in situ studied with a geochemical approach at a typical station in the Yangtze Estuary during three tidal cycles in September 2003. During an about 8-h emersion period of each diurnal tide, six high-resolution vertical profiles of adsorbed and dissolved ammonium were measured. It was observed that both adsorbed and dissolved ammonium generally had an increasing trend in sediment cores during the exposure. The rate of ammonium regeneration in sediments was estimated using the accumulation amount of ammonium including adsorbed and soluble fractions during the daytime emersion. The calculation result showed that there was relatively high ammonification rate (˜500 nmol N cm⁻³ day⁻¹), which reflected that organic nitrogen in sediments was quickly decomposed with a residence time of ˜52.7 days. Due to the dramatic temperature difference observed in sediment profiles, free convection was considered an important mechanism of regulating the efflux of produced ammonium into overlying waters. The total estimated amount of regenerated ammonium was ˜1.35×10⁵ t N year⁻¹ in the intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary, which occupied 7.6% of the total inorganic nitrogen annually transported to the estuarine ecosystem.     

QTPV Data Model and Algorithm and Its Application to Geological Exploration Engineering

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering.     

城市热岛效应监测方法研究进展

城市热岛效应是一种由于城市建筑及人们活动导致的热量在城区空间范围内聚集的现象,是城市气候最明显的特征之一.由于城市热岛影响因素以及相互关系的复杂性,为了精确细致地描述其时空分布,人们采用了多种方法来研究城市热岛现象,主要归纳为：气象站法、定点观测法、运动样带法、遥感测定法以及模拟预测等.最后,认为各种测定方法都存在一定的缺陷,建议多种测定方法综合运用.     

GIS叠置图层方差分量的极大似然估计

针对GIS叠置中的同名点,以维希特分布密度为似然函数,提出了各图层方差分量的极大似然估计方法。该方法不依赖残差,不需要迭代就能估计未知参数和方差分量。     

摄影测量数据库的设计与建立

摄影测量数据库主要存储和管理数字地图成果数据，包括数字高程模型数据（DEM）、数字矢量地图数据（DLG）、数字影像地图数据（DOM）和数字栅格地图数据（DRG）。本文主要介绍了摄影测量数据库的设计、建立以及应用分析等内容。     

Efficient interpolations to GPS orbits for precise wide area applications

For precise real time or near real time differential GPS positioning in a wide or global area, precise GPS orbits or, alternatively, precise orbital corrections with respect to a reference orbit, such as GPS broadcast ephemerides, must be used. This work tests orbit interpolation methods, in order to represent the GPS orbits and orbital corrections accurately and efficiently for these and other GPS applications. For precise GPS orbits given in the SP3 format at the 15 min interval, numerical tests were conducted using Lagrange and Chebyshev as well as trigonometric polynomial functions. The results have demonstrated that the 19- or 20-term trigonometric function is apparently the most efficient interpolator for a 12 h GPS orbital arc, achieving 1 cm level 3D interpolation accuracy that can meet the requirements of most precise applications. The test results also demonstrated that the 9-term trigonometric function always yields optimal interpolation for a 2 h GPS orbit arc, in terms of interpolation errors, compared to the results when using a different number of terms for the same function or one of the other tested polynomial functions. This is evident from the minimal performance degradation when using the 9-term trigonometric function to interpolate near or at the end of a data interval. By limiting interpolation to the center 15 min to 1.5 h of a 2 h orbit arc, thereby eliminating the need to interpolate near the ends of that interval, users can opt for more terms (11 and 13) or different interpolators to further improve interpolation accuracy. When interpolating the orbital corrections with respect to the GPS broadcast ephemeris, all the tested interpolation functions of 3- to 9-term yield the same suitably accurate results. Therefore, a 3- to 5-term trigonometric function is arguably sufficiently accurate and more efficient for GPS orbital correction messaging in wide area and real time positioning.     

北京及其周边地区夏季地闪活动时空特征分析

利用M-LDARS闪电定位系统对北京及其周边地区1995～1997年6～9月的闪电观测数据, 分析闪电活动的时空分布特征。结果表明:闪电活动在时间分布上存在两个峰值时段, 13 :00～21:00和23:00～次日05 :00。通过对总地闪、分时段及峰值时段的地闪密度分析, 发现北京及周边地区闪电活动有几个明显的集中区域, 地闪高密度区主要出现在下垫面为山脉和水体的地方, 闪电活动与下垫面的水汽条件关系密切, 且正、负地闪的空间分布也呈现较大差异, 表明雷暴云的电荷结构存在一定差异。     

青藏高原东部牧区雪灾的环流型及水汽场分析

冬、春季雪灾是青藏高原东部牧区重要的灾害性天气。本文利用历史天气图和国家气象中心T106L19全球模式的分析值格点资料，分析了青藏高原东部牧区近20年来冬，冬季降雨的天气形势和水汽场。结果表明，北脊南槽型、乌山脊型、阶梯槽型和国境槽型是造成高原东部牧区降雪的四类主要环流型；在高原东部牧区强降雪天气过程时气柱可降水量有明显增加，记要降雪区与水汽通量辐合区吻合，主要水汽来自孟加拉湾地区。     

人工增雨技术研究及示范

课题在2002年严格按照与科技部签定的任务合同书顺利进行,并取得了可喜的研究成果: ■完成了夏延Ⅲ新型云物理和人工增雨飞机的改装,飞机装备有云物理综合探测系统和本课题研制的碘化银末端燃烧器,并在河南示范区冬季人工增雨(雪)科学试验中获得了一批符合科学设计的综合探测资料.