房山花岗岩岩体氧氢碳的同位素研究

测定了房山花岗岩侵入体的岩石、共生矿物和气液包体的氧、氢、碳的同位素组成。共生石英-黑云母和石英-全岩的δ~(18)O数据表明,房山花岗岩侵入体保存了氧同位素平衡,氧同位素温度在450—580℃之间。大多数共生黑云母-角闪石δD值的相关性基本上符合Suzuoki-Epstein关系式,可以认为房山侵入体也保存了氢同位素平衡,推算得到的岩浆流体的δD值在-70—-30之间。气液包体中CO_2的δ(13)C为-4—-8,属于一种深源碳,可以利用地下水参加岩浆后期演化的假定来解释黑云母二长闪长岩氢、碳同位素异常     

电子显微镜观测AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱

为了解AgI水溶胶在人工降雨实验中的成冰能力,我们用电子显微镜对AgI水溶胶中的AgI粒子的谱分布进行了观测。结果表明:不同配方AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱分布略有差别,但同一配方不同浓度的AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱分布几乎没有差别。若取不同配方、不同浓度的九种AgI水溶胶样品的平均谱分布,则直径大于0.05μ的粒子占总粒子数的3％。如果假定这些粒子在低温下都能起冰核作用,则1克AgI的最高成核率为10~(14)/克。然而,当在播撒过程中AgI水溶胶的雾滴对AgI粒子的分散不利时,AgI成核率将低于此值;如果假定AgI水溶胶的粒子以冻结水滴的形式使云晶化,水滴冻结将引起冰晶繁生作用,这将会使AgI的成核率高于上述的估算值。     

Using Traditional Methods and Indigenous Technologies for Coping With Climate Variability

In agrometeorology and management of meteorology related natural resources, many traditional methods and indigenous technologies are still in use or being revived for managing low external inputs sustainable agriculture (LEISA) under conditions of climate variability. This paper starts with the introduction of an “end-to-end” climate information build up and transfer system in agrometeorology, in which the use of such methods and technologies must be seen to operate. It then reviews the options that LEISA farmers have in risk management of agrometeorological and agroclimatological calamities. This is based on the role that the pertinent meteorological/climatological parameters and phenomena play as limiting factors in agricultural production and the expectations on their variability. Subsequently, local case studies are given as examples of preparedness strategies to cope with i). variable water/moisture flows, including mechanical impacts of rain and/or hail, ii). variable temperature and heat flows, including fires, and iii). fitting cropping periods to the varying seasons, everywhere including related phenomena as appropriate. The paper ends with a series of important additional considerations without which the indicated strategies cannot be successful on a larger scale and in the long run.     

利用"激电异常-铜矿体-磁异常"有序分带的模式判断铜矿体赋存位置

以土层、延东斑铜矿的成矿特征为已知,简要介绍"激电异常-铜矿体-磁异常"有序分带的模式,重点介绍了又有磁异常又有激电异常时,隐伏矿体赋存位置的判断方法,以及仅有激电异常无相关的磁异常不成矿的原因。     

Geochemistry and spatial distribution of OIB and MORB in A’nyemaqen ophiolite zone: Evidence of Majixueshan ancient ridge-centered hotspot

The mafic volcanic association is made up of OIB, E-MORB and N-MORB in the A'nyemaqen Paleozoic ophiolites. Compared with the same type rocks in the world, the mafic rocks generally display lower Nb/U and Ce/Pb ratios and some have Nb depletion and Pb enrichment. The OIB are LREE-enriched with (La/Yb)N =5―20, N-MORB are LREE-depleted with (La/Yb)N = 0.41―0.5. The OIB are featured by incompatible element enrichment and the N-MORB are obviously depleted with some metasomatic effect, and E-MORB are geochemically intermediated. These rocks are distributed around the Majixueshan OIB and gabbros in a thickness greater than a thousand meters and transitionally change along the ophiolite extension in a west-east direction, showing a symmetric distribution pattern as centered by the Majixueshan OIB, that is, from N-MORB, OIB and E-MORB association in the Dur'ngoi area to OIB in the Majixueshan area and then to N-MORB, OIB and E-MORB assemblage again in the Buqingshan area. By consideration of the rock association, the rock spatial distribution and the thickness of the mafic rocks in the Majixueshan, coupled with the metasomatic relationship between the OIB and MORB sources, it can be argued that the Majixueshan probably corresponds to an ancient hotspot or an ocean island formed by mantle plume on the A'nyemaqeh ocean ridge, that is the ridge-centered hotspot, tectonically similar to the present-day Iceland hotspot.     

Application of <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs fingerprinting technique to interpreting sediment production records from reservoir deposits in a small catchment of the Hilly Loess Plateau,China

According to variations of 137Cs and clay contents, 44 flood couplets were identified in a profile of reservoir deposit with a vertical length of 28.12 m in the Yuntaishan Gully. Couplet 27 at the middle of the profile had the highest average 137Cs content of 12.65 Bq kg-1, which indicated the 1963s' deposits, then 137Cs content decreased both downward and upward in the profile. The second top and bottom couplets had average 137Cs contents of 2.15 Bq kg-1 and 0.92 Bq kg-1, respectively. By integrated analysis of reservoir construction and management history, variations of 137Cs contents over the profile, sediment yields of flood couplets and rainfall data during the period of 1958-1970, individual storms related to the flood couplets were identified. 44 floods with a total sediment yield of 2.36×104 m3 occurred and flood events in a year varied between 1 and 10 times during the period of 1960-1970. 7-10 flood events occurred during the wet period of 1961-1964 with very wet autumn, while only 1-2 events during the dry period of 1965-1969. Average annual specific sediment yield was 1.29×104 t km-2 a-1 for the Yuntaishan Gully during the period of 1960-1970, which was slightly higher than 1.11 ×104 t km-2 a-1 for the Upper Yanhe River Basin above the Ganguyi Hydrological Station and slightly lower than 1.40 ×104 t km-2 a-1 for the nearby Zhifang Gully during the same period. Annual specific sediment yields for the Yuntaishan Gully were correlated to the wet season's rainfalls well.     

Pb and Th in settling particles in the western Northwest Pacific Ocean: Particle flux and scavenging

A mooring of three conical time-series sediment traps was deployed at two sites in the western Northwest Pacific Ocean for 9 months. Total mass fluxes and activities of ²¹⁰Pb and ²³⁰Th were determined for the settling particles to elucidate their scavenging and transport processes. Sediment samples also were analyzed for ²¹⁰Pb activities. Total mass fluxes, ²¹⁰Pb fluxes and ²³⁰Th fluxes showed large seasonal variations and their weighted mean fluxes tended to increase with depth, with an especially large increase near-bottom. The ratios of the observed ²¹⁰Pb fluxes to the ²¹⁰Pb deficiency fluxes in the upper traps at the two sites were only 0.02 and 0.12, and were attributable to advective export of ²¹⁰Pb from the surface waters. Those ratios in the near-bottom traps ranged between 1.22 and 2.63. This suggests that these high ratios are due to effective particle scavenging, large lateral ²¹⁰Pb import and input of resuspended particles that have not become incorporated into the sediments. The mean total ²³⁰Th fluxes at the near-bottom traps were 4.2–6.7 times higher than that expected from production in the overlying water column. The ²¹⁰Pb activities in the surficial sediments were much lower than those in the near-bottom traps. The ²¹⁰Pb accumulation rates estimated from the excess ²¹⁰Pb inventory in the sediment column were 40–70% higher than the mean ²¹⁰Pb fluxes at the near-bottom traps. The ratios of the ²¹⁰Pb accumulation rates to the ²¹⁰Pb deficiency fluxes at the near-bottom traps ranged between 2.0 and 3.7. The high fluxes of particulate ²¹⁰Pb and ²³⁰Th at the near-bottom traps reflected a combination of enhanced scavenging of dissolved nuclides and the lateral redistribution of particulate matter by downslope and alongshore transports. However, it was not possible to discriminate among the various processes contributing to high nuclide fluxes.     

The Integration of Cooperation Model and Genetic Algorithm

In the photogrammetry,some researchers have applied genetic algorithms in aerial image texture classification and reducing hyper-spectrum remote sensing data.Genetic algorithm can rapidly find the solutions which are close to the optimal solution.But it is not easy to find the optimal solution.In order to solve the problem,a cooperative evolution idea integrating genetic algorithm and ant colony algorithm is presented in this paper.On the basis of the advantages of ant colony algorithm,this paper proposes the method integrating genetic algorithms and ant colony algorithm to overcome the drawback of genetic algorithms.Moreover,the paper takes designing texture classification masks of aerial images as an example to illustrate the integration theory and procedures.     

地球化学反应模型的发展及其应用

根据近年来地球化学反应模型的发展及其应用现状，对新发展的建模方法手段、模型计划方法以及模型计算软件作了简要的归纳和评述，最后以地球化学反应模型用于成矿动力学研究的应用为例，说明地球化学反应模型在地球化学研究中，对了解反应体系中物质的形态，分布、迁移和转化，起着重要的作用。