结晶岩地区深地震数据采集关键技术与方法

深反射地震是了解深部地质结构的主要手段,获取高品质的数据是给出合理地质解释的基础.在结晶岩地区,由于地层成层性差、非均质性严重,地震散射效应明显,导致地震波场复杂,同时结晶岩为非理想弹性体,不利于地震波能量转换,有效反射能量弱,信噪比低.加之深反射地震的目标层较深且受环境噪声干扰严重,高频信号衰减快,地震资料主频较低.这些因素使得在结晶岩区难以获得高品质的地震资料,为探索提高该类地区深反射地震资料质量的方法和技术,本文依托长江中下游成矿带2009—2014年深反射地震数据采集工作,在精细设计、严格施工的基础上,从激发和接收入手,开展了"轴向不耦合激发"、"宽频接收"和"宽线观测"等技术方法试验研究.结果表明,这些方法技术措施提高了下传弹性波能量,展宽了接收地震信号的频带,提高了覆盖次数和信噪比,有效改善了地震原始资料的品质和成像效果.研究结果对今后结晶岩地区深地震反射数据采集工作具有重要的实用价值和参考意义.     

Laboratory model tests about the sand embankment supported by piles with a cap beam

Piled embankment is widely used in soft soil areas. Most researches focused on effects of embankment height-net pile spacing ratios and equal settlement plane; there are limited publications paying attention to the shape of slip surfaces occurring in the embankment. In some extreme conditions, such as the ground being quite soft or embankment height needed to be restricted, to reduce the differential settlement and lateral displacement, piles are usually installed in several rows and cap beams or isolated caps are placed on the heads of piles. In this paper, five laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the effect of embankment height on the slip surfaces and stress exerted on the subsoil. Based on the observation of the slip surface’s shape within the embankment fill, a new calculation model is proposed to predict the stress exerted on the subsoil. In comparison with the experimental results, the accuracy of this new method is verified. From the perspective of reducing the differential settlement and cost savings, the embankment height is about four times net pile spacing according to this calculation model, since continuing to increase the embankment will not make an obvious difference to the reduction of soil stress exerted on the subsoil.     

Microstructures of different soil layers caused by the high-rise building group in Shanghai

The engineering characteristics of soils are controlled by the state of the microstructure of soils to a great extent. With the withdrawal of groundwater controlled reasonably, the engineering-environmental effect of the high-rise building group becomes the main cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. This paper studied the microstructure of each soil layer under the building loads in the centrifuge model by the scanning electron microscopy and the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) for qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, respectively. The shape, size and contact condition of the basic unit of the soil microstructure were analyzed. The pore structure of each soil layer was studied by MIP, and the pore distribution of each soil layer was studied by the fractal theory. The ink-bottle effect exists in the intrusion stage in the MIP test. There are four different fractal dimensions for silty clay of layer No. 4 and clayey soil of layer No. 8 and three different fractal dimensions for silty sand of layer No. 7 and layer No. 9. The micro and macro mechanisms of land subsidence caused by the high-rise building group were analyzed.     

基于FVCOM的渤海冬季三维风生环流数值模拟

利用FVCOM海洋模型以及MM5气象模式预报风场,对渤海冬季三维风生环流进行了数值模拟,结果显示:渤海风生环流具有显著的三维结构,表层基本沿风向运动,量值在5~10 cm/s,海峡处流速可达15 cm/s,底层有明显的补偿流,量值<3 cm/s;深度平均流环流状态明显,渤海海峡海流北进南出,渤海中部以及辽东湾为一顺时针环流,渤海湾以及莱州湾基本呈逆时针环流。文章通过对比实验,进一步讨论了海面风应力以及海底地形对渤海环流的不同影响,得出:在渤海中部风应力的切变涡度是形成顺指针流型的主要驱动力;除渤海中部以外,渤海冬季流型受地形作用的影响要大于海面风场的切变涡度。     

草鱼混养生态系统能量收支的研究

采用陆基围隔实验法,对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢鱼(Hypophythalmichthys molitrix)和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)不同混养系统的能量收支和转化效率进行了研究。实验共设置7个处理组,分别为草鱼单养(G)、草鱼和鲢鱼二元混养(GS)、草鱼和鲤鱼二元混养(GC)以及草鱼、鲢鱼和鲤鱼按照不同比例放养的三元混养(GSC1、GSC2、GSC3和GSC4)。研究结果表明,实验期间各系统接收的总太阳辐射能为4 970MJ.m-2;光能利用率在0.25%～0.33%之间,各处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05);光合能转化效率以草鱼单养组最低,且与GS、GSC2、GSC3和GSC4处理组之间差异显著(P<0.05);各混养组与草鱼单养组相比,总能量转化效率分别提高了43.51%、11.62%、30.16%、64.30%、38.49%和61.90%,其中,以GSC2为最高,GSC4次之;单位净产量耗饲料能以单养草鱼组最高,显著高于GS、GSC2和GSC4处理组(P<0.05);各处理组沉积能量在3.42～17.73MJ.m-2之间,各处理组间差异显著(P<0.05),各组沉积能量占总投入能量的比例分别为30.92%、12.18%、39.08%、29.43%、28.90%、28.87%和29.80%。本研究结果表明,不同食性鱼类混养系统能够提高光合能转化效率和总能量利用率,降低沉积能量,从而有效提高系统对输入能量的利用效率。     

建筑物场区地下水位预测与抗浮水位确定——以青岛啤酒城改造为例

通过收集研究区自然地理、气象水文资料,掌握了该区降水、蒸发等规律;通过实地地质、水文地质调查,查清了研究场区的地层结构、含水层类型等水文地质条件。在抽水试验和长期水位观测的基础上,利用数值模拟软件Visual modflow建立了研究场区的三维地下水水流数值模拟模型。根据2011—2012年研究场区地下水位观测数据对模型进行拟合和验证,说明所建立的模型可以用来预报;根据实际施工要求,对-7.8、-2.9和3m处基础进行丰水年丰水期和多年平均降水时丰水期的地下水位进行预报,预报结果在基底标高3m区域内,合理的抗浮水位范围为6~8m;基底标高-2.9m区域内,合理的抗浮水位为5~7.5m;基底标高-7.8m区域,合理的抗浮水位为3~5.5m。预报结果为设计合理的建筑物抗浮水位提供了科学依据。     

Study on the settlement caused by the Maglev train

Natural Hazards - Because of the high speed, the operation safety of Maglev train is heavily affected by the differential settlement. As the first commercial service, the operation of Maglev train...     

“长江深断裂带”的构造性质:深地震反射证据

长江深断裂带自20世纪50年代提出以来,因其在区域控岩、控矿、工程地质和灾害地质研究中的重要意义,一直受到广泛关注和研究,但由于缺乏深部资料,对长江深断裂带的构造性质、空间展布众说纷纭.本文通过分析穿过长江河床及两岸的六条深地震反射剖面,讨论了长江中下游成矿带及长江深断裂带的构造性质及演化,获得如下认识:(1)长江中下游成矿带是燕山期的陆内俯冲带,上地壳发生强烈挤压变形,以大型逆冲、叠瓦、褶皱和推覆构造为特征;下地壳及岩石圈地幔俯冲或叠置到相邻块体之下,在宁芜火山岩盆地和沿江凹陷下形成了"鳄鱼嘴"构造.(2)白垩纪以来,长江深断裂带(CJF)由一系列拆离断层组成,大致沿长江河床分布.该断裂带在燕山期陆内造山阶段为一组逆冲断裂,伸展垮塌阶段反转为正断层或拆离断层,同时控制了沿江凹陷的形成和演化.(3)陆内俯冲或叠置导致地壳加厚、拆沉,引发大规模岩浆活动."鳄鱼嘴"构造或是沟通深部岩浆向上迁移的主要通道,控制了沿江成矿岩浆岩的分布.正是这种特殊的深部过程和构造特征,导致了燕山期长江中下游地区的大规模成岩、成矿作用.     

基于重磁场多尺度边缘检测的地质构造信息识别与提取——以铜陵矿集区为例

重磁场是地下地质体密度、磁性分别响应的综合,蕴涵着丰富的地质构造信息,如何将其有效地提取出来是正确认识地下结构的关键环节.本文在总结重磁场构造信息提取研究进展的基础上,将构造信息提取突破口归结为重磁场的边缘增强与检测.通过构建理论模型,对常用的边缘检测方法开展了对比试验,并以长江中下游成矿带中的铜陵矿集区为例,开展了实际资料的处理和研究.获得以下认识和结论:(1)多尺度边缘检测方法较其他方法更能准确提取模型边界,更适合于构造信息识别与提取;(2)在铜陵矿集区识别出18条断裂构造,确定了铜陵隆起的边界,断裂构造的走向主要为北东向,前人所谓"棋盘格式"断裂构造系统并不存在;(3)圈定了岩体的分布范围,在铜陵矿集区北缘,发现了2处隐伏岩体;(4)施家冲、戴家汇岩体周边是寻找矽卡岩型、斑岩型铜金矿的有利地段,铜陵隆起和繁昌火山岩盆地分界断裂两侧是寻找热液型铅锌矿和金矿的重要靶区.