焦作市农业气候资源及变化特点

焦作市的农业气候资源丰富,雨热同季,并有不完全同步的特性,10℃以上活动积温为4653~4960℃.d,降水量为548.8~590.5 mm,主要分布在4-10月,日照时数2107.5~2444.9 h。近40 a热量资源呈增多趋势,20世纪90年代的热量资源明显多于前30 a,水分变化不明显,日照时数呈递减趋势。     

信阳市渔业气象服务效益分析

对信阳市南湾水库渔业气象服务效益调查分析结果表明:在亲鱼培育、种苗繁殖、苗种培育、成鱼养殖、捕捞等主要生产阶段,成鱼养殖阶段服务效益最大,为21.98万元;繁殖、亲鱼培育阶段服务效益占该阶段渔业总产值的比例分别列第一和第二,说明这两个生产阶段气象服务尤为重要.由于对渔业气象服务还不够重视,加之还缺乏渔业与气象条件关系的研究,目前渔业气象服务层次较低,渔业气象服务效益贡献率也较低.     

北京地区一次辐射雾的数值模拟

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5V3对2006年11月20日北京地区的一次大雾天气过程进行了数值研究。模拟结果与极轨卫星监测图像以及十二通道微波辐射计观测资料的对比表明,模式对此次雾的模拟是比较成功的,尤其是在雾区的分布位置、雾的高度以及雾的维持时间等方面。针对不同的云物理方案、长波辐射项、短波辐射项以及模式的垂直分辨率进行了4组敏感性实验。结果表明,地面的长波辐射冷却促使辐射雾的形成,而短波辐射的加热是辐射雾消散的主要原因。另外,增加模式的垂直分辨率以及选取更加详细的云微物理方案可以使模式模拟的辐射雾的结果有明显的改善。     

A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium

To investigate climate variability in Asia during the last millennium, the spatial and temporal evolution of summer (June–July–August; JJA) temperature in eastern and south-central Asia is reconstructed using multi-proxy records and the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework. The temperature index reconstructions show that the late 20th century was the warmest period in Asia over the past millennium. The temperature field reconstructions illustrate that temperatures in central, eastern, and southern China during the 11th and 13th centuries, and in western Asia during the 12th century, were significantly higher than those in other regions, and comparable to levels in the 20th century. Except for the most recent warming, all identified warm events showed distinct regional expressions and none were uniform over the entire reconstruction area. The main finding of the study is that spatial temperature patterns have, on centennial time-scales, varied greatly over the last millennium. Moreover, seven climate model simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), over the same region of Asia, are all consistent with the temperature index reconstruction at the 99 % confidence level. Only spatial temperature patterns extracted as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) from the GISS-E2-R and MPI-ESM-P model simulations are significant and consistent with the temperature field reconstruction over the past millennium in Asia at the 90 % confidence level. This indicates that both the reconstruction and the simulations depict the temporal climate variability well over the past millennium. However, the spatial simulation or reconstruction capability of climate variability over the past millennium could be still limited. For reconstruction, some grid points do not pass validation tests and reveal the need for more proxies with high temporal resolution, accurate dating, and sensitive temperature signals, especially in central Asia and before AD 1400.     

激光探测沙暴过程中的气溶胶消光系数分布

本文基于光波与气溶胶质点相互作用的弹性理论,根据激光雷达大气回波信息,讨论了1982年5月上旬北京地区接连两次出现的沙暴过程的气溶胶消光系数分布特征.     

Impact of improved assimilation of temperature and salinity for coupled model seasonal forecasts

We assess the impact of improved ocean initial conditions for predicting El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) using the Bureau of Meteorology’s Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA) coupled seasonal prediction model for the period 1982–2006. The new ocean initial conditions are provided by an ensemble-based analysis system that assimilates subsurface temperatures and salinity and which is a clear improvement over the previous optimal interpolation system which used static error covariances and was univariate (temperature only). Hindcasts using the new ocean initial conditions have better skill at predicting sea surface temperature (SST) variations associated with ENSO than do the hindcasts initialized with the old ocean analyses. The improvement derives from better prediction of subsurface temperatures and the largest improvements come during ENSO–IOD neutral years. We show that improved prediction of the Niño3.4 SST index derives from improved initial depiction of the thermocline and halocline in the equatorial Pacific but as lead time increases the improved depiction of the initial salinity field in the western Pacific become more important. Improved ocean initial conditions do not translate into improved skill for predicting the IOD but we do see an improvement in the prediction of subsurface temperatures in the Indian Ocean (IO). This result reflects that the coupling between subsurface and surface temperature variations is weaker in the IO than in the Pacific, but coupled model errors may also be limiting predictive skill in the IO.     

临沂冰雹发生规律及预警技术研究

利用常规观测资料和多普勒雷达探测资料,对临沂地区冰雹的时空分布特征、冰雹天气的预警参数和指标进行分析研究。结果表明:20世纪60-80年代是临沂冰雹高发期,90年代后明显减少,下降趋势十分明显。5-6月是临沂降雹最集中的时段。山地和丘陵地区降雹频次明显比平原地区的高。发生冰雹天气与环境参数有密切关系,出现大冰雹过程要求更为适宜的0℃层高度,在强垂直风切变环境下出现大冰雹的可能性更大。大部分地面开始降雹都是在C-VIL跃增后2~3个体扫和强反射率因子核心快速下降之时,这两个特征在冰雹预报预警工作中有一定的参考价值,对于冰雹预警的发布具有10~20 min的时间提前量。强回波中心最大值及其所在高度和有界弱回波区BWER或弱回波区WER的范围等都是判断降雹潜势的关键指标。季节性的预警指标在实际业务工作中有一定的参考价值,能够有效提高冰雹预警的准确率。     

晴空回波特征与风场信息应用

为研究晴空回波风场信息在对流性降水天气中的预警应用价值,选取山东省临沂雷达站2008—2013年5—9月的观测数据分析降水晴空回波特征。研究发现:临沂地区5—9月约87%的日数会出现晴空回波,且90%以上出现在距离雷达站100km范围之内,反射率因子多在10~25dBz,具有明显日变化;晴空回波的速度产品能提供有效监测对流性降水出现前的大气低层风场信息,能一定程度反映低层湍流的耗散率,对降水过程有一定的指示性,相关研究成果对降低对流天气漏报率和提高预警提前量有重要意义。