中国龙卷风的若干特征

应用数理统计方法和通过对观测资料的分析，研究了龙卷风的气候特征；根据近年天气资料，研究了龙卷风发生的天气系统，层结特征，风场和母体云团的特征。     

主要作物产量分离方法比较

对作物产量进行分离是分析气象因子对产量影响的重要步骤之一。以1985—2018年江苏省24个县（市）水稻统计产量为基础,分别采用3年滑动平均法、5年滑动平均法、五点二次平滑法、二次指数平滑法、HP滤波法和年际增量法对作物产量进行分离。从趋势产量与气象产量两方面比较6种方法的一致性与差异性,将分离出的气象产量与典型年增减产记录对比,选出更能准确捕获气象因子导致产量变异的方法,利用气象因子与产量关系的合理性对选定的方法进行检验。结果表明：就趋势产量拟合而言,前5种方法（年际增量法不能模拟趋势产量）均能较好地拟合趋势产量,与研究区域的趋势产量的一致性相关系数绝大多数为较好和极好等级范围;就气象产量而言,HP滤波法和年际增量法分离气象产量的合理性较差,标准差明显大于其他方法。综合看,3年滑动平均法与五点二次平滑法更具有普适性,可以捕获整个地区绝大多数典型年份气象因子带来的产量变化。     

海南地幔柱新的成像结果

中国大陆有很多火山,如我国东北五大莲池、长白山和西南地区腾冲火山以及最南部的海南火山等.其中前三者均被认为是活火山(刘嘉祺,1999:刘若新,2000),是与太平洋板块和缅甸弧板块的俯冲与脱水密切相关的弧后火山(Zhao et al.,2004;Lei and Zhao,2005;Huang and Zhao,2006).     

Characteristics of high arsenic groundwater in Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, northern China

It is well known that the Hetao Basin is one of the most seriously arsenic-affected groundwater areas in China. In order to understand the characteristics of high arsenic(As) groundwater in the Basin, a brief overview of arsenic in groundwater follows. High arsenic in the Basin commonly occurs in shallow groundwater and the total arsenic concentrations range from 0.58 to 572 μg/L(average 99.73 μg/L), exceeding the maximum mandated value of 10 μg/L for drinking water in China; As(Ш) is the predominant species. The regional distribution pattern of arsenic in the groundwater increases from south/southeast to north/northwest. Hangjinhouqi and Wuyuan counties are considered as the most seriously affected areas, with high incidences of endemic arsenicosic diseases in the Hetao Basin. High groundwater arsenic correlates with the increase of well depth. Previous studies proposed that groundwater arsenic in the Basin is mainly originated from desorption of some natural solid materials in the sediments, under reducing condition. Generally, reducing condition is believed to be the primary factor for arsenic releasing from the sediment to groundwater in the region. Under inorganic or bacterial processes, Fe2O3 changes to Fe S and arsenic adsorbed to Fe(OH)3 dissolves into groundwater, and As(V) is reduced to As(Ш). Besides, reducing environments, groundwater hydraulic gradients, organic matter, p H, evapotranspiration, and soil texture are presumed to be the predominant factors that control arsenic mobilization.     

Arctic sea-ice motion and its relation to pressure field

Daily Arctic sea-ice motion maps during the winter seasons (December–March) from December 1988 to March 2003 derived from NSCAT, QuikSCAT, SSM/I, and AMSRE data by a wavelet analysis method have been merged with those derived from buoy data. These merged sea-ice motion data have been used to study the circulation regimes and winter-to-winter variability of Arctic sea-ice motion. The relation between sea-ice motion and the pressure field in the Arctic Ocean was also studied by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the monthly merged sea-ice motion data and the monthly pressure field data from IABP. The mean Arctic sea-ice motion map of the 15 winter seasons has two distinct features: the Beaufort Gyre and a cyclonic circulation system in the Eurasian Basin, which moves ice from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait. The strengths and sizes of the two features change from one winter season to another. Seasons with a strong or normal Beaufort Gyre alternate with seasons with a weak or no Beaufort Gyre every one to three seasons. The principal components of the first two modes of PCA of the monthly sea-ice motion are closely correlated with their counterparts of the monthly pressure field in the Arctic Ocean. The mode-one components of these two anomalies alternate between anticyclonic and cyclonic circulation systems. The correlation between Arctic Oscillation indexes and the principal components of the first mode of PCA of the monthly Arctic sea-ice motion is low but statistically significant.     

Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study

Abstract

Laboratory flume experiments were undertaken to measure the vertical profiles of mean flow velocity for three different flow discharges and four different stem densities of Hydrilla verticillata. The data were used to calculate three parameters, namely Manning's roughness coefficient, the Reynolds number and the Froude number. In addition, empirical equations were obtained for the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity within the transitional zone and above the plant canopy. The results show that: (a) the vertical distribution of measured flow velocity exhibits three zone profiles; (b) Manning's roughness coefficient decreases with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity; (c) the relationship between Manning's roughness coefficient and the depth-averaged flow velocity is within the smooth left inverse curve; (d) Manning's roughness coefficient significantly changes with increasing density of Hydrilla; (e) the Froude number is independent of the density of Hydrilla; and (f) both the Reynolds number and the Froude number increase with increasing depth-averaged flow velocity.

Citation Shi, J.Z., Li, Y.-H., Hughes, J.M.R., and Zhao, M., 2013. Hydrological characteristics of vegetated river flows: a laboratory flume study. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (5), 1047–1058.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

北祁连的形成与演化历史：来自河流沉积物地球化学及其碎屑锆石U Pb年龄、Hf同位素组成的证据

通过对发源于北祁连造山带北段、中段、南段河流沉积物地球化学与碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素组成的系统研究,确定河流沙、泥沙质微量元素平均组成与大陆上地壳平均值基本一致。一般沙质成分由于石英的稀释作用使其微量元素含量稍低于大陆上地壳平均值,泥沙质成分的微量元素含量一般稍高于大陆上地壳均值。北祁连造山带河流碎屑沉积物As、Sb、Cu、Zn等元素的平均含量明显高于大陆上地壳的平均含量,可能指示北祁连硫化物矿床成矿具有良好的前景。河流碎屑沉积物Sm-Nd同位素组成得到的Nd亏损地幔模式年龄为1.89~1.12Ga,平均为1.68Ga;北段、中段河流沙质部分的Nd同位素亏损地幔模式年龄比相对较细的泥沙质部分的老,说明河流近源古老地壳基底组分更多;而南段的部分河流则相反,说明近源有更多的新生地壳组分。锆石U-Pb年龄结果表明,北祁连造山带最强的岩浆作用发生于新元古代—晚古生代早期(650~400Ma),此期间形成的锆石占全部锆石的31%,它们主要记录了北祁连洋壳的俯冲消减、陆-陆碰撞及碰撞后的壳内岩浆作用过程。太古宙古老基底组分在北祁连造山带存在,但所占比例极低,它们可能以碎屑组分存在于古元古代的北大河岩群等变质基底中。新太古代到古元古代(2700~1700Ma)期间形成的锆石占全部锆石的~34%,此期间是北祁连基底的主要形成阶段。古元古代末到新元古代(1700~650Ma)期间形成的锆石占全部锆石的17%,它们可能代表着古祁连洋盆的主要形成阶段。锆石Hf同位素组成确定的北祁连由亏损地幔增生物质到地壳主要发生于3.2~2.0Ga、2.0~1.0Ga这两个时间段,650Ma以后基本没有增生地壳组分的加入。不同地段河流碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄有些差别,北段的北大河中最老基底组分所占比例最高,而南段河流中的古老基底组分比例相对较低,印证了古祁连洋是从东南向西北拉开的过程,西北段在俯冲消减及碰撞过程中有较多古老地壳基底组分的参与。晚古生代晚期—三叠纪期间北祁连仍存在较弱的岩浆作用。由Nd同位素比值与Nd含量、Na_2O/K_2O比值之间的关系进一步证明北祁连河流沉积物是最古老的基底长英质组分、较老的基底镁铁质组分或其熔融产物、古祁连洋壳镁铁质组分或其熔融产物三者混合的产物。     

海底声学底质分类的ELM-AdaBoost方法

基于自适应增强算法（AdaBoost）结合极限学习机（ELM）,通过迭代、调整、优化ELM分类器之间的权值,从而构建了具有强鲁棒性、高精度的ELM-AdaBoost强分类器,增强了现有的ELM分类器的稳定性。以珠江口海区侧扫声呐图像为实验数据,对礁石、砂、泥3类典型底质进行分类识别,该方法的平均分类精度超过90%,优于单一ELM分类器的平均分类精度85.95%,也优于LVQ、BP等传统分类器,且在分类所耗时间上也远少于传统分类器。实验结果表明,本文构建的ELM-AdaBoost方法可有效应用于海底声学底质分类,可满足实时底质分类的需求。     

柴达木盆地西部地区古近系下干柴沟组咸化湖相泥页岩储集层特征

中国已获得湖相页岩气勘探开发的重要突破,但对于咸化湖盆环境泥页岩储集层特征的研究较少。作者对柴达木盆地西部地区古近系下干柴沟组湖相泥页岩储集层开展有机地化、岩矿组成、储集层孔隙结构等特征的研究。(1)研究区泥页岩有机质丰度在0.12％～1.35％之间,具有强烈的非均质性,有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,氯仿沥青“A”含量较高。(2)泥页岩中碳酸盐岩矿物含量最高,平均27.8％,黏土矿物和石英含量次之,有38.2％的样品检测出硬石膏,反映典型的咸化环境特征。(3)扫描电镜观察有机质孔隙发育较少,形状不规则且孔径较大,粒(晶)间孔隙直径多以微米级为主,微裂缝宽多小于1μm;低温气体吸附测试显示,中孔提供了主要的孔比表面积和孔隙体积,氯仿沥青“A”的存在对样品孔隙结构产生影响。(4)研究区泥页岩储集层中黏土矿物含量低而脆性矿物含量高,与北美页岩气产层及四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储集层岩矿特征类似,易于产生裂缝,有利于页岩气的后期开采。