利用中期地震活动异常综合预测地震危险区

在分析了首都圈地区（３８．５°～４１°Ｎ，１１３°～１２０°Ｅ）中强以上地震前地震活动特征的基础上，总结出了本区中强以上地震前地震活动的普遍性特征，应用孕震模型对地震活动异常进行综合分析，给出了应用地震活动异常进行地震预报的物理基础。文中还提出了应用中期地震活动异常进行预报的综合判别指标，当其达到给定阈值时，再考虑地质构造、中强以上地震发生的自然概率、大震后的减震作用、中期地震活动异常的分布及其预报效能等因素，给出二维的综合概率分布图，把概率值较高的地区作为未来一、二年中强以上地震的危险区。此外还进行了震级、时间预测方面的研究。     

Remote estimation of terrestrial evapotranspiration by Landsat 5 TM and the SEBAL model in cold and high‐altitude regions: a case study of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin,China

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important expenditure in water and energy balances, especially on cold and high‐altitude land surfaces. Daily ET of the upper reach of the Shule River Basin was estimated using Landsat 5 TM data and the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model. Based on observations made at the Suli station, the algorithms of land surface temperature and soil heat flux in SEBAL were modified. Land surface temperature was retrieved and compared with ground truth via three methods: the radiative transfer equation method, the mono‐window algorithm, and the single‐channel method. We selected the best of these methods, mono‐window algorithm, for estimating ET. The average error of daily ET estimated by the modified SEBAL model and measured by the eddy covariance system was 16.4%, with a root‐mean‐square error of 0.52 mm d^?1. The estimated ET means were 3.09, 2.48, and 1.48 mm d^?1 on June 9 (DOY 160), June 25 (DOY 176), and July 27 (DOY 208) of the year 2010, respectively. The average estimated ET on the glacier surface of all days was more than 3 mm d^?1, a measurement that is difficult to capture in‐situ and has rarely been reported. This study will improve the understanding of water balance in cold, high‐altitude regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of temporal scales and space mismatches on the TRMM 3B42 v7 precipitation product in a remote mountainous area

The accurate measurement of precipitation is essential to understanding regional hydrological processes and hydrological cycling. Quantification of precipitation over remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau is highly unreliable because of the scarcity of rain gauges. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the satellite precipitation product of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) 3B42 v7 at daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. Comparison between TRMM grid precipitation and point‐based rain gauge precipitation was conducted using nearest neighbour and bilinear weighted interpolation methods. The results showed that the TRMM product could not capture daily precipitation well due to some rainfall events being missed at short time scales but provided reasonably good precipitation data at weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. TRMM tended to underestimate the precipitation of small rainfall events (less than 1 mm/day), while it overestimated the precipitation of large rainfall events (greater than 20 mm/day). Consequently, TRMM showed better performance in the summer monsoon season than in the winter season. Through comparison, it was also found that the bilinear weighted interpolation method performs better than the nearest neighbour method in TRMM precipitation extraction.     

岫岩-海城MS 5.4地震序列的震源机制解及应力场特征

引言1 999年 1 1月 2 9日 1 2时 1 0分在辽宁省岫岩 -海城地区发生了 MS5.4地震 ,这次地震有感范围广 ,震感强烈 ,为广大地震工作者所关注。截止到 2 0 0 0年 2月 2 9日止 ,共记录该地区地震 2 30 0余次 ,最大的余震是 2 0 0 0年 1月 1 2日 0 7时 4 3分发生的 MS5.1地震。岫岩 -海城地震发生于辽宁省南部台站分布较密的地区 ,全省各台站从不同的方向记录到了这次地震序列活动。我们利用数字台网记录地震初动清楚的特点 ,在主震发生前 ,就做了几次 4级以上前震的震源机制解 ,并且密切关注较大地震初动符号的变化 ,随时将有关情况报告省局分…     

中国海域区古近纪含煤盆地与煤系分布研究

新近纪和古近纪是全球重要的聚煤期。中国古近纪聚煤盆地分布在东部沿海省区,是全球性环太平洋聚煤带的组成部分。中国海域区含煤沉积盆地虽然也属于断陷盆地和坳陷盆地类型,且成群出现,但总体构造背景有利于含煤沉积的持续发展,盆地群连续性好,含煤沉积厚度大,如琼东南盆地、东海海域西湖凹陷,含煤沉积厚度达1 km以上,这是陆上区古近纪含煤盆地所不能相比的。研究表明,海域区的聚煤盆地内大多由若干凹陷组成,为聚煤凹陷,可分为两大类,即半地堑凹陷和地堑凹陷。根据成煤盆地的水体深浅又可分为深水半地堑凹陷和浅水半地堑凹陷,地堑凹陷均为深水凹陷。盆地内表现为明显的两个聚煤带：缓坡聚煤带和陡坡聚煤带,缓坡聚煤带占绝对优势。在潮坪体系的潮上带和潮间带沼泽,利于聚煤作用的广泛发生。泥炭的堆积可能存在两种形式：原地堆积和异地堆积。由于盆地构造的频繁活动异地堆积可能是海域区聚煤盆地成煤作用的重要形式。海域区巨厚的含煤沉积为海域区煤成气成藏提供了丰厚的物质基础。又由于含煤地层埋深大,煤的变质作用程度相对较高,成为良好的烃源岩。     

白云鄂博矿物岩石研究的新进展

本文论述了近年来白云鄂博矿区在旷物学、岩石学、地球化学和矿床成因研究方面的进展。在矿物学研究方面,除以往研究过的一百多种矿物外,八十年代中期以后,又相继发现并研究了含铌锐钛矿、含铌钙钛矿、锶铁钛石、水磷钙钍石、白云鄂博矿、未命名氟碳酸盐新种矿物、珀硅钛铈铁矿、硅钡镁石、带云母等矿物;发现了矿物间的共生和交代关系。在岩石学研究方面,找到了霓长岩,发现了霓长岩化作用,确定了火成碳酸岩岩石的存在。在地球化学和矿床成因方面,提出了稀土稀有金属矿化与火成碳酸岩岩浆活动有成因联系的见解。     

Rupture pattern of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez,Eastern Turkey earthquake

High-frequency rupture process of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake is imaged by back-projection method using high-quality teleseismic P wave data from the US Array, and prestack Kirchhoff migration using P wave data from a subarray of global seismic networks. The rupture model with two asperities is confirmed by previous two methods. In low-frequency imaging, a large asperity derived from the migration method corresponds to the second one from the high-frequency P waves. The consistency of the locations of asperities from datasets with different frequency bands indicates that there is possible insignificance of the frequency-dependent feature for the earthquake. The resultant images illustrate the spatial and temporal evolution of the rupture, which mainly propagated WSW over a length of 33 km during the first 18 s, accompanying with bursts of two asperities at 3 and 11–13 s. The rupture direction is confirmed by the S wave corner frequency variations of strong ground accelerations. The rupture fronts are mainly located at the updip of the causative fault. Based on polarities of the P waveforms and focal mechanisms of the mainshock and aftershocks, the failure of these two asperities is determined to have occurred on a reverse fault with a dip angle of 47°. Hence, the rupture pattern of the 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake was dominated by a unilateral rupture toward the west-southwest direction.     

矿产资源管理信息系统设计与开发

基于GIS的矿产资源管理信息系统采用地理信息系统(GIS)技术、SQL Server数据库技术以及网络技术,实现了矿产资源信息图形数据与属性数据统一管理,为矿产资源管理工作提供了现代化的科学管理手段和决策支持。本文介绍了系统的设计与实现、系统包含的工作模块、各个模块的功能结构以及采用的技术特点。     

中国沿海地区灾害发生的环境和社会经济背景*

本文研究了中国沿海地区灾害发生的自然环境背景,特别讨论了地质构造因素、气候因素和地貌因素对灾害的影响.制定了孕灾环境区划,全区按地貌类型划分为北部平原和南部低山丘陵孕灾区以及10个易灾亚区.分析了灾害发生的社会经济背景,区域承灾能力和人类活动对灾害的影响.最后根据地球系统各圈层相互作用及外部强迫因子对灾害发生的影响,讨论了一般灾害的发生和发展规律.