班公湖-怒江带、羌塘地块特提斯演化与成矿地质背景

早古生代—泥盆纪,研究区沉积环境以陆棚碎屑岩相和碳酸盐台地相为主,代表冈瓦纳大陆北缘和特提斯南侧的被动大陆边缘。石炭纪—二叠纪,本区进入特提斯南、北缘弧盆系统演化阶段,龙木错-双湖带北部、金沙江带南部和冈底斯带分别在石炭纪、二叠纪形成岩浆弧。中生代是特提斯南缘弧盆演化阶段,SSZ型蛇绿岩形成岩浆熔离型铬、镍、铂族金属矿床和热液型金矿。班公湖-怒江带特提斯在中侏罗世至早白垩世向南、北两侧俯冲并形成岩浆弧,该岩浆弧是重要的成矿带,形成斑岩铜矿、矽卡岩型磁铁矿和热液型多金属矿床。北羌塘东段侏罗纪弧后前陆盆地有利于形成沉积型、沉积-热液改造型和热液型铁、铜、锑、金矿床。晚白垩世碰撞作用主要与热液型矿床有关,分布范围较大,也可能存在晚白垩世至新生代碰撞阶段的斑岩铜矿。     

青藏高原羌塘地区果干加年山—荣玛乡一带石炭纪—二叠纪古生物研究新进展

在羌塘中部大沙河-果干加年山剖面展金岩群中发现珊瑚化石赫氏鲍斯维耳剌毛虫Chatetes(Boswellia)heritschi Sokolov,说明展金岩群中存在晚石炭世的生物时代证据。但是该化石并不是属于冈瓦纳冷水生物区的,而是来自温水环境的特提斯型生物区。在荣玛乡黑石山剖面中发现大量中二叠世 科化石,既出现典型的冈瓦纳相冷水生物,如Wannerophyllam 、Monodiexodina等,也存在大量暖水型的生物,如田氏朱森 Chusenella tieni Chen、散尔多希瓦格 Schwagerina sanerduoensis Nieet Song、假孙氏假纺锤 Pseudofusulina pseudosuni Sheng等。化石特征属于冈瓦纳相与特提斯相的混合类型。研究表明,羌塘中部的喀喇昆仑—龙木错—双湖一带是石炭纪、二叠纪冈瓦纳和特提斯生物混生区,不存在明显的生物大区界线。推测龙木错-双湖蛇绿岩带所代表的洋盆可能仅为特提斯南缘弧盆系统中的小盆地。     

西安城市扩张及其驱动力分析

随着人口的增长与经济的发展,尤其我国西部城市在西部大开发的背景下,大中城市的扩张十分明显,深刻地影响城市周边的生态环境。如何快速准确地获取城市扩张信息,并分析其驱动力机制,对于指导城市规划,优化西部生态环境与可持续发展都具有十分重要的意义。作者分别采用了监督分类法和归一化裸露指数 (NDBI) 法提取了西安市的城市边界信息,并对二者进行对比分析,认为监督分类法提取的城市边界信息较为准确。在此基础上通过对相关统计资料的分析,认为西安市城区快速扩张与西部大开发以来西安市固定资产投资额的大幅增加以及经济的快速发展有密切的关系,此外人口的增加、交通等基础设施的发展也是重要的驱动因素。     

An enhanced approach for surface flow routing over drainage‐constrained triangulated irregular networks

The accuracy and efficiency of the simulations in distributed hydrological models must depend on the proper estimation of flow directions and paths. Numerous studies have been carried out to delineate the drainage patterns based on gridded digital elevation models (DEMs). The triangulated irregular network (TIN) has been increasingly applied in hydrological applications due to the advantages of high storage efficiency and multi‐scale adaptive performance. Much of the previous literature focuses mainly on filling the depressions on gridded DEMs rather than treating the special cases in TIN structures, which has hampered its applications to hydrological models. This study proposes a triangulation‐based solution for the removal of flat areas and pits to enhance the simulation of flow routing on triangulated facet networks. Based on the drainage‐constrained TIN generated from only a gridded DEM by the compound point extraction (CPE) method, the inconsistent situations including flat triangles, V‐shape flat edges and sink nodes are respectively identified and rectified. The optimization algorithm is an iterative process of TIN reconstruction, in which the flat areas are generalized into their center points and the pits are rectified by embedding break lines. To verify the proposed algorithm and investigate the potential for flow routing, flow paths of steepest descent are derived by the vector‐based tracking algorithm based on the optimized TIN. A case study of TIN optimization and flow path tracking was performed on a real‐world DEM. The outcomes indicate that the proposed approach can effectively solve the problem of inconsistencies without a significant loss in accuracy of the terrain model.     

Mapping hourly dynamics of urban population using trajectories reconstructed from mobile phone records

Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban population is crucial for addressing a wide range of urban planning and management issues. Aggregated geospatial big data have been widely used to quantitatively estimate population distribution at fine spatial scales over a given time period. However, it is still a challenge to estimate population density at a fine temporal resolution over a large geographical space, mainly due to the temporal asynchrony of population movement and the challenges to acquiring a complete individual movement record. In this article, we propose a method to estimate hourly population density by examining the time‐series individual trajectories, which were reconstructed from call detail records using BP neural networks. We first used BP neural networks to predict the positions of mobile phone users at an hourly interval and then estimated the hourly population density using log‐linear regression at the cell tower level. The estimated population density is linearly correlated with population census data at the sub‐district level. Trajectory clustering results show five distinct diurnal dynamic patterns of population movement in the study area, revealing spatially explicit characteristics of the diurnal commuting flows, though the driving forces of the flows need further investigation.     

Extraction of Alteration Mineral Information from Moderate Remote Sensing Images Using MPS Method

Although alteration minerals related to metallogenesis is very important in mineral exploration, information of alteration mineral is weakly expressed in remote sensing imagery, which is often subject to interfering noise and sometimes limited in spectral and spatial resolutions. Because of easy access, moderate images are the main sources of alteration mineral information. Therefore, it is very important to develop alteration mineral information extraction methods from remote sensing images. In this paper, a combined method based on Mask, principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine method (SVM) was used to extract alteration mineral information from Enhanced thematic mapper plus remote sensing data with limited spectral and spatial resolutions. First, a mask image of the remote sensing imagery was created to remove interference information such as vegetation, shadow and water. Then, PCA was employed to collect sample data relating to iron, argillic, and carbonatization alteration. Finally, SVM was used to deal with alteration anomaly and build a feature extraction model of high accuracy. The Mask-PCA-SVM model is used to extract alteration mineral information from remote sensing images of Hatu area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regions, China. The results show that the new methods proposed in this paper can coincide well with known deposits occurrences, rate reached 86.51%. While, the consistent rate with known deposits of the ratio model, PCA model and Spectral angle mapper model were only 3.37, 65.08 and 69.05% respectively. This suggests that the proposed model can find the actual distribution of mineral deposits more effectively by reducing interference to a greater degree.     

Analysis of the Seasonal Variation of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Concentration in China Based on GOSAT Satellite Data

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is one of the major gases that contribute to the global warming. Therefore, studying the distribution of CO₂ can help people understand the carbon cycle. Based on the GOSAT retrieved CO₂ products, the temporal and spatial distribution and seasonal variation of CO₂ concentration were analyzed from 2011 to 2015. CO₂ concentration has obvious seasonal variation. It was low in summer, and was high in spring, and the annual increase was about 2 ppm. Nevertheless, the annual growth rate of CO₂ concentration in summer was higher than that in spring, it was 0.5425% in summer and was 0.46% in spring. CO₂ concentration was low in the northwest and was high in the southeast. The growth rate of CO₂ was 2.8 ppm in the northwest and was 3.42 ppm in the southeast. More human’s activities made CO₂ concentration higher in the southeast than that in other regions.     

Study on Sampling Rule and Simplification of LiDAR Point Cloud Based on Terrain Complexity

It is difficult to obtain digital elevation model (DEM) in the mountainous regions. As an emerging technology, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is an enabling technology. However, the amount of points obtained by LiDAR is huge. When processing LiDAR point cloud, huge data will lead to a rapid decline in data processing speed, so it is necessary to thin LiDAR point cloud. In this paper, a new terrain sampling rule had been built based on the integrated terrain complexity, and then based on the rule a LiDAR point cloud simplification method, which was referred as to TCthin, had been proposed. The TCthin method was evaluated by experiments in which XUthin and Lasthin were selected as the TCthin’s comparative methods. The TCthin’s simplification degree was estimated by the simplification rate value, and the TCthin’s simplification quality was evaluated by Root Mean Square Deviation. The experimental results show that the TCthin method can thin LiDAR point cloud effectively and improve the simplification quality, and at 5 m, 10 m, 30 m scale levels, the TCthin method has a good applicability in the areas with different terrain complexity. This study has theoretical and practical value in sampling theory, thinning LiDAR point cloud, building high-precision DEM and so on.     

Three-frequency BDS precise point positioning ambiguity resolution based on raw observables

All BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) satellites are transmitting signals on three frequencies, which brings new opportunity and challenges for high-accuracy precise point positioning (PPP) with ambiguity resolution (AR). This paper proposes an effective uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation and AR strategy which is based on a raw PPP model. First, triple-frequency raw PPP models are developed. The observation model and stochastic model are designed and extended to accommodate the third frequency. Then, the UPD is parameterized in raw frequency form while estimating with the high-precision and low-noise integer linear combination of float ambiguity which are derived by ambiguity decorrelation. Third, with UPD corrected, the LAMBDA method is used for resolving full or partial ambiguities which can be fixed. This method can be easily and flexibly extended for dual-, triple- or even more frequency. To verify the effectiveness and performance of triple-frequency PPP AR, tests with real BDS data from 90 stations lasting for 21 days were performed in static mode. Data were processed with three strategies: BDS triple-frequency ambiguity-float PPP, BDS triple-frequency PPP with dual-frequency (B1/B2) and three-frequency AR, respectively. Numerous experiment results showed that compared with the ambiguity-float solution, the performance in terms of convergence time and positioning biases can be significantly improved by AR. Among three groups of solutions, the triple-frequency PPP AR achieved the best performance. Compared with dual-frequency AR, additional the third frequency could apparently improve the position estimations during the initialization phase and under constraint environments when the dual-frequency PPP AR is limited by few satellite numbers.     

A grid-based tropospheric product for China using a GNSS network

Tropospheric delay accounts for one source of error in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). To better characterize the tropospheric delays in the temporal and spatial domain and facilitate the safety-critical use of GNSS across China, a method is proposed to generate a grid-based tropospheric product (GTP) using the GNSS network with an empirical tropospheric model, known as IGGtrop. The prototype system generates the GTPs in post-processing and real-time modes and is based on the undifferenced and uncombined precise point positioning (UU-PPP) technique. GTPs are constructed for a grid form (\(2.0{^{\circ }}\times 2.5{^{\circ }}\) latitude–longitude) over China with a time resolution of 5 min. The real-time GTP messages are encoded in a self-defined RTCM3 format and broadcast to users using NTRIP (networked transport of RTCM via internet protocol), which enables efficient and safe transmission to real-time users. Our approach for GTP generation consists of three sequential steps. In the first step, GNSS-derived zenith tropospheric delays (ZTDs) for a network of GNSS stations are estimated using UU-PPP. In the second step, vertical adjustments for the GNSS-derived ZTDs are applied to address the height differences between the GNSS stations and grid points. The ZTD height corrections are provided by the IGGtrop model. Finally, an inverse distance weighting method is used to interpolate the GNSS-derived ZTDs from the surrounding GNSS stations to the location of the grid point. A total of 210 global positioning system (GPS) stations from the crustal movement observation network of China are used to generate the GTPs in both post-processing and real-time modes. The accuracies of the GTPs are assessed against with ERA-Interim-derived ZTDs and the GPS-derived ZTDs at 12 test GPS stations, respectively. The results show that the post-processing and real-time GTPs can provide the ZTDs with accuracies of 1.4 and 1.8 cm, respectively. We also apply the GTPs in real-time kinematic GPS PPP, and the results show that the convergence time of the PPP solutions is shortened. These results confirm that the GTPs can act as an efficient information source to augment GNSS positioning over China.