Influence of human pressure on forest resources and productivity at stand and tree scales: The case study of Yunnan pine in SW China

This paper examines human impact on stands and individual trees of Pinus yunnanensis growing near the small mountain villages of Pianshui and Yangjuan in southwestern Sichuan Province,China.In an effort to assess whether use of these forests was sustainable,we examined the effects of human use in two ways.First,we directly measured the effect of cutting branches,for fuel and fodder,on tree growth.We hypothesized that branch cutting would negatively impact tree growth.We established 12 plots on four hills and compared 14 pairs of trees,one tree in each pair with an apparently full crown and the other with a considerable portion of the crown removed.Second,we assessed stand and tree properties over a 500 m elevation gradient above the villages where we hypothesized that as elevation increases,stand and tree properties should show fewer human impacts.Although extensive branch cutting reduced the live crown,tree height and diameter,compensatory processes likely enabled trees to recover and to add basal area increments(BAIs) similar to those added by trees with full crowns.Trees and stands close to villages showed less growth and lower basal areas,respectively,than stands and trees at intermediate or distant elevations from villages.Areas relatively close to the villages showed considerable effects of human-related disturbances such as branch cutting,grazing,tree and shrub removal,losses of litter,and human and animal trails.Such areas had increased soil erosion and often loss of the ‘A’ horizon.Stands close to villages had younger trees,lower stand basal areas,smaller basal area increments,and more stumps.Our results suggest an increasingly vulnerable interface between occupants of these two villages and their surrounding forests.     

Identifying scale-location specific control on vegetation distribution in mountain-hill region

The scale-location specific control on vegetation distribution was investigated through continuous wavelet transforms approaches in subtropical mountain-hill region, Fujian, China. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated as an indicator of vegetation greenness using Chinese Environmental Disaster Reduction Satellite images along latitudinal and longitudinal transects. Four scales of variations were identified from the local wavelet spectrum of NDVI, with much stronger wavelet variances observed at larger scales. The characteristic scale of vegetation distribution within mountainous and hilly regions in Southeast China was around 20 km. Significantly strong wavelet coherency was generally examined in regions with very diverse topography, typically characterized as small mountains and hills fractured by rivers and residents. The continuous wavelet based approaches provided valuable insight on the hierarchical structure and its corresponding characteristic scales of ecosystems, which might be applied in defining proper levels in multilevel models and optimal bandwidths in Geographically Weighted Regression.     

不同峰值加速度取值方法的比较研究

将新版《中国地震动参数区划图》直接给出经验系数确定不同地震动下的峰值加速度方法、地震动峰值加速度的烈度转换方法、极值Ⅱ型分布拟合方法进行比较;并基于地震安全性评价报告给出的京沪高铁沿线十一个城市的地震动峰值加速度值,将该三种方法转换得到的结果,与安评报告中的数值进行对比分析。分析结果对于抗震设计中地震动峰值加速度的取值具有参考意义。     

Object detection and tracking method of AUV based on acoustic vision

This paper describes a new framework for object detection and tracking of AUV including underwater acoustic data interpolation, underwater acoustic images segmentation and underwater objects tracking. This framework is applied to the design of vision-based method for AUV based on the forward looking sonar sensor. First, the real-time data flow (underwater acoustic images) is pre-processed to form the whole underwater acoustic image, and the relevant position information of objects is extracted and determined. An improved method of double threshold segmentation is proposed to resolve the problem that the threshold cannot be adjusted adaptively in the traditional method. Second, a representation of region information is created in light of the Gaussian particle filter. The weighted integration strategy combining the area and invariant moment is proposed to perfect the weight of particles and to enhance the tracking robustness. Results obtained on the real acoustic vision platform of AUV during sea trials are displayed and discussed. They show that the proposed method can detect and track the moving objects underwater online, and it is effective and robust.     

Advantages of Using Multichannel Analysis of Love Waves (MALW) to Estimate Near-Surface Shear-Wave Velocity

As theory dictates, for a series of horizontal layers, a pure, plane, horizontally polarized shear (SH) wave refracts and reflects only SH waves and does not undergo wave-type conversion as do incident P or Sv waves. This is one reason the shallow SH-wave refraction method is popular. SH-wave refraction method usually works well defining near-surface shear-wave velocities. Only first arrival information is used in the SH-wave refraction method. Most SH-wave data contain a strong component of Love-wave energy. Love waves are surface waves that are formed from the constructive interference of multiple reflections of SH waves in the shallow subsurface. Unlike Rayleigh waves, the dispersive nature of Love waves is independent of P-wave velocity. Love-wave phase velocities of a layered earth model are a function of frequency and three groups of earth properties: SH-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. In theory, a fewer parameters make the inversion of Love waves more stable and reduce the degree of nonuniqueness. Approximating SH-wave velocity using Love-wave inversion for near-surface applications may become more appealing than Rayleigh-wave inversion because it possesses the following three advantages. (1) Numerical modeling results suggest the independence of P-wave velocity makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler than Rayleigh waves. A complication of “Mode kissing” is an undesired and frequently occurring phenomenon in Rayleigh-wave analysis that causes mode misidentification. This phenomenon is less common in dispersion images of Love-wave energy. (2) Real-world examples demonstrated that dispersion images of Love-wave energy have a higher signal-to-noise ratio and more focus than those generated from Rayleigh waves. This advantage is related to the long geophone spreads commonly used for SH-wave refraction surveys, images of Love-wave energy from longer offsets are much cleaner and sharper than for closer offsets, which makes picking phase velocities of Love waves easier and more accurate. (3) Real-world examples demonstrated that inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves is less dependent on initial models and more stable than Rayleigh waves. This is due to Love-wave’s independence of P-wave velocity, which results in fewer unknowns in the MALW method compared to inversion methods of Rayleigh waves. This characteristic not only makes Love-wave dispersion curves simpler but also reduces the degree of nonuniqueness leading to more stable inversion of Love-wave dispersion curves.     

乌鲁木齐10号泉水体细菌群落对地震的响应

以无震时期细菌群落及水文化学元素信息为背景,阐明有感地震时的泉水细菌群落映震特征． 2010年12月——2011年4月,乌鲁木齐周边先后发生了MS3.1和MS3.6两次有感地震．本文采用末端限制性片段长度多态性法(T-RFLP)分析了该时间段内乌鲁木齐10号泉中细菌群落结构、多样性、稳定性、优势类群及特殊类群变化特征．结果表明,水文地球化学指标对有感地震不敏感,泉水细菌群落结构稳定,地震对其优势类群及多样性影响均不显著,但无震时期部分类群（以82,170, 176, 462 bp为代表）在前后两次地震中丰度变化趋势相似,即震前有小幅上升,震后1——12天内出现极大值,之后丰度逐渐恢复至较低水平,且表现出与震级、震中距具有一定相关性．这表明部分泉水细菌对有感地震映震灵敏．      

陆态网基准站的坐标和速度

介绍“中国大陆构造环境监测网络”GNSS基准站观测数据的处理和分析.数据处理基于陆态网工程2010-07-01 -2012-03-16日的252个GNSS基准站观测数据,获得了基准站的坐标单日解时间序列,利用抗差最小二乘估计拟合出了这些站的速度场.     

斑岩型铜(钼)矿床和斑岩型钼(铜)矿床的形成机制探讨:流体演化及构造背景的影响

斑岩型铜(钼)矿床和斑岩型钼(铜)矿床是世界钼资源最主要的来源,提供的钼金属量相当。对比发现,两类矿床在流体来源演化以及铜和钼的相关性上较为相似,而在铜/钼比值、品位、矿物共生组合、蚀变类型等方面存在差异,特别是斑岩铜(钼)矿初始出溶流体中的Cl-/F-值、硫的总量、SO2/H2S以及H+/ K+比斑岩钼(铜)矿高。流体演化过程中有两方面因素可能影响最终沉淀的铜和钼比值：(1)铜和钼在流体中的性质差异,如铜以氯或硫络合物形式运移,沉淀受温度影响比较显著,钼以羟基或氯络合物形式存在,沉淀受压力控制比较明显;(2)流体自身氧逸度、pH、硫逸度的变化以及演化路径的改变。然而,和初始流体性质的差异相比,流体演化过程对最终形成矿床类型的影响是有限的,决定矿床形成斑岩铜(钼)矿化还是钼(铜)矿化的因素可能在流体出溶之前的岩浆起源演化阶段就存在。斑岩铜(钼)矿常分布在偏挤压的陆缘弧和大陆碰撞造山带环境,基底多为新生或加厚的陆壳,斑岩钼(铜)矿多出现在偏伸展的陆内裂谷、弧后及造山后伸展环境,基底可以为老陆壳或新生的陆壳;上述特征反映物源区或岩浆的起源和演化方式不同可能是制约形成斑岩铜(钼)矿还是钼(铜)矿的主要机制。     

极地环境污染物的微生物降解及其生物修复研究进展

随着人类社会的发展及其对未知世界探索能力的提高,环境污染目前已演变成为全球性问题,即使是远离人类居住地的南北极地区也不能幸免。任何污染在极地这样一个生态系统组成单调、环境承载能力脆弱的地方都可能带来严重后果,因此极地环境的污染治理尤为迫切。生物修复技术作为环境治理的重要方法与手段,受到了普遍关注。本文简要介绍了极地环境的污染现状以及近年来应用微生物开展极地环境污染物降解与生物修复的主要进展,并就研究中的一些潜在问题展开讨论。极地环境的污染治理与生物修复,将是21世纪环境微生物学研究人员的一项重要使命。     

溃变理论在汕头暴雨天气预测中的应用

运用溃变理论的V-3θ图结构分析方法和溃变图分析了汕头的一场暴雨天气,说明怎样运用溃变理论对汕头暴雨天气进行预测分析。结果表明:V-3θ图对暴雨天气预测有着较好的指示特征,溃变图对天气形势的演变有较好的指示意义,溃变理论在暴雨天气预测中有参考价值。