Simulations of the effects of soil temperature and humidity disturbances on regional climate of China

Summary ?This simulation study was applied by a regional climate model (RegCM2) and forced by reasonable soil temperature and humidity disturbances, in order to examine the disastrous weather and climate-produced such disturbances that were performed in a series of experiments of different climatic zones, seasons and space/time scales, to recognize the persistence and to understand the mechanisms of their respective climatic responses under the current climatic background of China. The simulation results showed that, in regions of East Asian monsoon climate, the soil humidity disturbance (SHD) has greater impact on posterior climate responses than the temperature disturbance has. The SHD forcing exerts noticeable influence on rainfall generally. Although the centers of changed precipitation generally do not coincide with those of the disturbances, the centers are located mostly in downwind areas of the SHD core and in areas of prevailing updraft, even some places far away; with neighboring dry/moist SHD zones, a bigger rainfall increase tends to show up in the dry region instead of in the wet one. The simulation suggested that the SHD lasts for a rather long time, whose length is controlled by the presence of a positive feedback between the precipitation, the synchronous circulation patterns, the latitude and season, and the intensity of the SHD forcing. This study has found that the humidity disturbance (especially from rainfall) is in good correspondence to posterior temperature that the previous SHD enhancement leads to the subsequent temperature drop in the surface and near-surface layer, while the centers of lowered temperature can remain more than three months. Received April 3, 2001; Revised December 19, 2001     

水稻总叶龄模拟研究

以水稻的生物学特性为依据,利用田间试验实测资料,经过统计分析,确立了水稻总叶龄与环境变量之间的相关关系,建立了不同品种种水稻的总叶龄模拟模式,发现日长是影响水稻总叶龄的主要因素,其次是温度。     

南方夏季对流云降水回波特征分析

利用1988～2000年7～9月南昌、建阳、长沙三站探空资料及同期地面和500 hPa天气图与降雨量资料等,对照1988～2000年7～9月南昌(建阳、长沙713雷达站部分资料)"713"雷达站回波素描图进行统计分析,得出南方夏季对流云回波的顶高、强度、性质等参数变化规律与主要特征,从宏观上了解影响南方夏季对流云回波参数等特征量的变化规律,为南方各省人工影响天气作业提供科学依据.     

珠江三角洲都市群城市热岛效应初步研究

近十年来 ,珠江三角洲都市群热岛效应全面形成 ,年平均热岛强度由 1 983年前的 0 1℃上升到 1 993年的 0 5℃。珠江三角洲都市群热岛强度呈明显的季节变化和日变化 ,1 1月份热岛强度最强 ,4月份最弱 ,就年平均而言 ,夜间的热岛强度大于白天。珠江三角洲都市群热岛强度空间分布呈中间强周围弱的分布格局 ,与各地的经济活动密切相关 ,热岛强度强的地方均为广东经济活动最活跃的地区。     

自适应网格在大气海洋问题中的初步应用

自适应网格法是80年代兴起的通过求解椭圆型方程的边值问题来数值生成网格的一种新方法。它是在任意形状的区域上求偏微分方程的数值解的一种非常有效的工具。该方法抛弃了等距均匀的差分网格，代之以能够自动地适应所研究问题中解的特征的疏密程度不均的曲线网格。如在边界上计算网格与实际边界相重合，在区域内部可任意调节网格点的疏密程度等。本文扼要地介绍了自适应网格的原理及其构造方法。并将其应用于生成南海区域的计算网格以及数值预报台风路径的自适应网格。     

20世纪全球增暖最显著的区域

Having analyzed a global grid temperature anomaly data set and some sea level pressure data during the last century, we found the following facts. Firstly, the annual temperature change with a warming trend of about 0.6℃/100 years in the tropical area over Indian to the western Pacific Oceans was most closely correlated to the global mean change. Therefore, the temperature change in this area might serve as an indicator of global mean change at annual and longer time scales. Secondly, a cooling of about -0.3℃ / 100 years occurred over the northern Atlantic. Thirdly, a two-wave pattern of temperature change, warming over northern Asia and northwestern America and cooling over the northern Atlantic and the northern Pacific, occurred during the last half century linked to strengthening westerlies over the northern Atlantic and the weakening Siberian High. Fourthly, a remarkable seasonal difference occurred over the Eurasian continent, with cooling (warming) in winter (summer) during 1896-1945, and warming (cooling) in winter (summer) during 1946-1995. The corresponding variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation were also discussed.     

一个混合型热带海洋-大气耦合模式I.模式构成及热带太平洋气候态模拟

本工作发展了一个用于研究热带海洋大气系统相互作用和ＥｌＮｉｎ～ｏ／ＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＯｓ－ｃｉｌａｔｉｏｎ动力过程的混合型（ｈｙｂｒｉｄ）耦合模式，其中的大气部分为一个由一阶斜压模表示的自由大气和混合行星边界层所组成的简单热带大气模式（区域为热带太平洋：１２０°Ｅ～８０°Ｗ，３０°Ｎ～３０°Ｓ；水平分辨率为２°×２°），海洋部分为大气物理研究所高分辨率自由表面热带太平洋环流模式（经纬圈方向水平分辨率分别为１°和２°，垂直方向分为不等距的１４层）。两模式间的耦合是这样进行的：简单大气模式计算出海表风应力，热通量由松弛公式计算，淡水通量（蒸发与降水之差）由观测资料给定，它们一起作为海洋环流模式（ＯＧＣＭ）的强迫场；而ＯＧＣＭ计算出海表温度（ＳＳＴ），在其以外地区给定观测到的气候海表温度或陆地温度，作为大气模式的边界条件。本文给出采用逐日、同步耦合方案时模式对热带太平洋气候态模拟结果，表明未采用任何通量修正（ｆｌｕｘｅｓｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｉｏｎ），耦合模式未出现气候漂移（ｃｌｉｍａｔｅｄｒｉｆｔ）现象，并且非常逼真地再现了热带太平洋气候态，特别是海表风场及相伴随的辐合带和降水、海表温度和流场及它们的季节变化。文中还进行     

暖底积云自然降水过程和 人工催化个例数值模拟

利用一维积雨云双参数模式模拟福建省的暖底积云自然降水过程和催化过程。模拟结果表明:暖云催化影响了降水的演变过程,不仅使总降水量增加,而且改变了降水的分布,使降水提前出现。冷云催化对降水过程没有发生明显的影响。对催化云和自然云云水和雨水含量的模拟表明:暖云催化使云中碰并过程提前出现,导致催化云中云水含量明显少于自然云中的云水含量:催化云雨水含量先是明显大于自然云中的雨水含量,随后明显小于自然云中的雨水含量。     

A study of influencing systems and moisture budget in a heavy rainfall in low latitude plateau in China during early summer

Analysis of a heavy rainfall in a lower latitude plateau and characteristics of water vapor transportation have been conducted by using conventional data and denser surface data. The results show： （1） the heavy rainfall was caused by a series of mesoscale systems under favorable large-scale conditions when the warm moister air and cold air interacted with each other. At the same time, the coupling between the upper- and lower-level jets was revealed. It is also found that there exists some different characteristics among the main influencing systems of heavy rainfalls in Yunnan, such as the Indian-Myanmar trough and the path of the cold air, compared with those in East and South China. （2） The interaction between mesoscale convergence lines near the ground may be a possible triggering mechanism for the occurrence of mesoscale systems, and the dynamical and thermal dynamical structure of the mesoscale systems was very obvious. The convergence lines may relate closely to the terrain of Yunnan, China. （3） The computation of the water vapor budget reveals that the primary source of water vapor supply for heavy rainfall was in the Bay of Bengal. In this case, the water vapor could be transported into Yunnan even though the amount of water vapor was less than that in the lower troposphere in East and South China. In addition, the analysis for three-dimensional air parcel trajectories better revealed and described the source location and the transportation of water vapor to Yunnan.     

西江流域面雨量与区域大气环流型关系

利用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法,对西江流域1971—2015年逐日平均850 hPa和500 hPa高度场进行环流客观分型,分析流域降水天气环流型出现概率及主导环流型变化特征,探讨主导环流型对西江流域总面雨量和子流域面雨量的贡献率及环流型配置与降水的关系。结果表明:当850 hPa为西南风型、500 hPa为西风型时,流域出现降水天气的概率最大;850 hPa气旋型和500 hPa西风型对年总面雨量和各子流域面雨量的贡献率均为最大,且对东部子流域面雨量的贡献率大于西部子流域,850 hPa南风型与500 hPa反气旋型的环流配置是西部子流域秋季降水偏多的主导环流型配置;春季850 hPa气旋型与500 hPa西风型、夏季850 hPa气旋型与500 hPa西风型、秋季850 hPa南风型与500 hPa反气旋型、冬季850 hPa西南风型与500 hPa西风型的环流配置时,出现强降水天气的概率分别为18.7%,21.1%,4.0%和2.0%,即夏季最大,其次为春季,冬季最小。近45年,850 hPa气旋型、500 hPa西风型对流域年总面雨量的贡献率呈增加趋势,是西江流域面雨量呈偏多趋势的主导环流型。