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921.
Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, and it often appears as a trace element in the ocean. Iron has a variable valence and diverse functions, and is an important force to regulate marine primary productivity and drive the geochemical cycle in the ocean. Previous studies have shown that iron plays an important role in maintaining primary productivity, coupling matter cycles, and regulating the transformation of biogenic factors. In recent years, with the development of microbial ecology, iron research has enter more in-depth levels, including microbial-driven iron oxidation-reduction behavior, metabolic processes, and interactions with other major elements(C/N/P). This paper attempts to review the latest progress of iron, focusing on the published literatures of the past fifteen years. Firstly, we explained the sources and occurrence states of iron in the ocean (such as dissolved, colloidal, granular and organic state); Secondly, we reviewed the types and process mechanisms of microbial-mediated iron redoxbehavior (for example nitrate oxidation, and biological reduction, etc.); Finally, we summarized the coupling relationship between iron and C/N/P cycle. Additionally, the ecological roles of iron in specific ecological event (for instance algal bloom) has also been described. Furthermore, the "chemical-biological-physical" theoretical framework for marine iron research is also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to provide more information for marine microecological research and their effects on iron cycle under changing environment, such as global change. 相似文献
922.
The postperovskite phase transition of Fe and Al-bearing MgSiO3 bridgmanite, the most aboundant mineral in the Earth's lower mantle, is believed to be a key to understanding seismological observations in the D″ layer, e.g., the discontinuous changes in seismic wave velocities. Experimentally reported phase transition boundaries of Fe and Al-bearing bridgmanite are currently largely controversial and generally suggest wide two-phase coexistence domains. Theoretical simulations ignoring temperature effects cannot evaluate correctly two-phase coexistence domains under high-temperature. We show high-pressure and high-temperature phase transition boundaries for various compositions with geophysically relevant impurities of Fe2+SiO3, Fe3+Fe3+O3, Fe3+Al3+O3, and Al3+Al3+O3 derived from the ab initio finite-temperature free energies calculated combining the internally consistent LSDA + U method and a lattice dynamics approach. We found that at ~ 2500 K, incorporations accompanied by Fe3+ expand the two-phase coexistence domains distinctly, implying that D″ seismic discontinuities likely arise from the phase transition of Fe2+-bearing bridgmanite. 相似文献
923.
Zhen Zeng Xiaohua Li Yi Liu Fang Huang Hui‐Min Yu 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2019,43(2):291-300
This study presents a high‐precision method to measure barium (Ba) isotope compositions of international carbonate reference materials and natural carbonates. Barium was purified using chromatographic columns filled with cation exchange resin (AG50W‐X12, 200–400 mesh). Barium isotopes were measured by MC‐ICP‐MS, using a 135Ba–136Ba double‐spike to correct mass‐dependent fractionation during purification and instrumental measurement. The precision and accuracy were monitored by measuring Ba isotope compositions of the reference material JCp‐1 (coral) and a synthetic solution obtained by mixing NIST SRM 3104a with other matrix elements. The mean δ137/134Ba values of JCp‐1 and the synthetic solution relative to NIST SRM 3104a were 0.21 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 16) and 0.02 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 6), respectively. Replicate measurements of NIST SRM 915b, COQ‐1, natural coral and stalagmite samples gave average δ137/134Ba values of 0.10 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 18), 0.08 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 20), 0.27 ± 0.04‰ (2s, n = 16) and 0.04 ± 0.03‰ (2s, n = 20), respectively. Barium mass fractions and Ba isotopes of subsamples drilled from one stalagmite profile were also measured. Although Ba mass fractions varied significantly along the profile, Ba isotope signatures were homogeneous, indicating that Ba isotope compositions of stalagmites could be a potential tool (in addition to Ba mass fractions) to constrain the source of Ba in carbonate rocks and minerals. 相似文献
924.
利用高频面波反演横波速度一直是浅地表地震工程研究的热点。为深入认识利用高频面波(瑞雷波和勒夫波)评价横波速度的能力,本文首先采取高阶交错网格有限差分法实现两层模型的瑞雷波和勒夫波数值模拟,并应用τ-p变换形成频散能量图。相比瑞雷波,不同模式的勒夫波频散能量很接近,这说明易于实现多模式勒夫波反演。然后利用线性映射实现广义模式识别这种非线性反演方法对含软弱夹层的四层模型的基模式、多模式瑞雷波和勒夫波的变厚度反演。若初始模型很拙劣,相比勒夫波,瑞雷波基模式反演不能重建地层中含有软弱夹层这一特征,瑞雷波多模式反演则可以重建这一特征;勒夫波基模式和多模式反演都可以重建这一特征。即使在地层的泊松比与估计值相差很大时,瑞雷波多模式反演仍能重建地层结构,但其频散曲线总是存在"模式接吻"现象,容易模式误判;而勒夫波反演则不用估计地层泊松比,也不存在"模式接吻"现象。一系列算例表明:高模式瑞雷波的加入会显著提高横波速度评价结果的精度;而高模式勒夫波的加入会令反演系统对半空间以上异常层的参数过于敏感,造成参数过度估计,但也会显著提升对半空间横波速度的评价能力。最后,应用本文方法实现了对实测勒夫波数据的分析。 相似文献
925.
Acta Geotechnica - This research study presents analytical solutions for the stresses and displacements around deeply buried non-circular tunnels, taking into account the viscoelasticity of the... 相似文献
926.
振荡交换-抽滤淋洗结合凯氏定氮法快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
测定土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的行业标准方法(LY/T1243—1999)是采取离心分离结合手工蒸馏进行滴定,耗时长、操作繁琐。为了缩短反应时间,提高检测效率,本文利用乙酸铵对酸性和中性土壤进行处理,用氯化铵-乙酸铵对石灰性土壤进行处理,应用振荡和抽滤装置快速交换和清洗阳离子,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对吸附的铵根离子进行测定,由此计算CEC值。结果表明:在最佳的振荡和蒸馏时间、滴定酸浓度、指示剂配比等实验条件下,一个批次样品(100件)的分析流程仅需要12h,比传统方法检测时间缩短近80%。经国家标准物质验证,测定结果与推荐值相符,5次测定的相对标准偏差均小于1. 5%。本方法免去了多次离心分离操作,解决了待测成分损失、CEC测定值偏低的问题,提高了检测效率和准确度,较林业标准方法的成本低,可操作性强,适用于土壤环境质量评价、地区土壤抽样调查等大批量土壤样品分析。 相似文献
927.
利用测井资料建立地层剪破裂模型是对现有张破裂的有效补充,有利于完善钻井、压裂等石油工程中的破裂机理。运用FMI(地层微电阻率扫描成像)测井资料能识别钻井诱导缝和剪破裂的方位、数量和密度。本文通过对地层剪破裂的理论研究和影响因素分析,利用内摩擦系数与矿物含量之间的非线性假设,建立了地层剪破裂的临界剪应力模型。研究发现,地层中的黏土矿物含量、内摩擦系数、内聚强度和应力大小是诱发剪破裂的重要因素。利用内摩擦系数(或内摩擦角)与泥质体积分数之间的统计回归模型简化了地层剪破裂模型,并增强了模型的适用性。实际资料表明,地层发生剪破裂时的临界剪应力与钻井诱导缝数量之间呈反比关系,理论研究与实际资料具有良好的一致性。 相似文献
928.
水库蓄水极易诱发库区地质灾害,所以研究水库库岸堆积体边坡在蓄水前后的变形特征及其稳定性具有重要意义。本文基于现场详细的工程地质勘察资料和监测资料,分析了堆积体边坡的结构特征和变形特征;在此基础上,对堆积体的形成和变形机制进行了探讨;最后,采用离散元数值计算方法,对堆积体边坡在蓄水前后的稳定性进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:堆积体形成于古滑坡,水库在短时间(两个月)内大幅度抬高水位近40.00 m,从而激活了古滑坡,导致变形的产生;排水洞和排水孔的施工有效降低了坡体内地下水位,有效减缓了变形的发展,部分测点变形有收敛趋势,但仍需进一步观测。 相似文献
929.
Lei Han Yanyan Zuo Zeng Guo Limin Zhang Xiangmin Chen Jiayan Mao 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2017,35(6):2789-2801
As soft rocks are likely to soften, slime and swell while contacting water, the existence of soft rocks is harmful for stability of surrounding rocks and supporting structures of tunnels. Through uniaxial and triaxial tests under dry condition and triaxial test with different moisture contents, the mechanical properties and failure modes of soft rocks were studied under conditions that the schistosity plane of the rock samples was vertical to, presented an oblique angle with, and paralleled to the loading direction. The results showed that peak strengths in natural and water-bearing states increased with increasing confining pressures, while those in water-bearing state were 40% lower than those in natural state. The samples were mainly subjected to ductile failure in both natural and water-bearing states while the samples in natural state exhibited a certain brittle failure characteristic in post-peak phase. With the increase of confining pressures, the post-peak curve gradually became gentle after certain brittle failure while the post-peak stresses had an insignificant change. In comparison, the samples in water-bearing state showed significant post-peak disparity, that is, exhibited strong ductile failure characteristic. Moreover, the fitting relationship between triaxial compressive strength and moisture of soft rocks can be expresses as σ 1 = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0) while that between elasticity modulus and moisture can be expresses as E = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0). 相似文献
930.
为研究潮汐作用下潮沟网络形成、演变规律,结合江苏沿海粉砂淤泥质潮滩实际情况,建立试验室物理模型,模拟具有一定坡度的潮滩在潮汐作用下的地形演变,分析了潮沟发育演变中的水沙运动规律,研究了潮差对于潮沟发育的影响。研究表明,潮沟发育过程受到床面坡度变化的影响,坡度均一的潮滩上,潮沟系统通过相邻小潮沟相互连接而形成,没有明显的潮沟头部溯源侵蚀现象;在潮汐作用下,涨潮初期和落潮后期水流流速较快,泥沙运动主要出现在这一阶段,在潮滩中部泥沙运动最为剧烈;潮差对于潮沟系统形态和结构的影响较小,潮滩排水路径长度与子流域面积呈幂函数分布,潮差越大则潮沟系统越早达到动态平衡,且具有更大的拓宽潮沟的作用。 相似文献