1960—2017年中国北方气候干湿变化及其与ENSO的关系

基于中国北方424个气象站实测数据,应用FAO Penman-Monteith模型计算潜在蒸散(Potential evapotranspiration,ET₀),使用降水和潜在蒸散数据计算得到标准化降水蒸散发指数(SPEI),以此研究了1960—2017年中国北方干湿时空变化特征,分析了ENSO对北方气候干湿变化的影响。结果表明:中国北方干湿变化的线性趋势总体不显著,四季中春季和冬季变湿趋势明显。空间上,西北西部存在明显的变湿趋势,干旱化趋势主要发生在黄土高原、内蒙古东部和东北东部地区。全区各级干旱事件呈减少趋势,各级湿润事件呈增加趋势,其中以中等干旱的减少最为显著。西北西部中等干旱和极端干旱明显减少,东北北部和新疆部分地区极端湿润明显增加。全区四季3类干旱事件均表现为减少的趋势,3类湿润事件均表现为增加的趋势,西北西部四季3类干旱事件均呈减少趋势。ENSO对北方干湿的影响存在一定程度的滞后性。El Ni?o翌年气候湿润,La Nina翌年气候干旱。在年际和春季2个尺度上,SSTA与翌年SPEI存在显著的正相关关系。     

近20年来我国沉积物环境与污染控制研究进展与展望

内陆水体(湖泊、水库、沼泽、河流)和河口海洋等底部,广泛且连续分布着沉积物质,在其形成过程中受自然和人类活动影响,具有与污染物有关的环境意义和特征.中国区域差异大,环境问题较为突出,经过近几十年来围绕沉积物环境和污染控制开展的研究,我国相关成果不断涌现.首先介绍了国际上有关沉积物环境的若干里程碑性研究,回顾了前70年我国沉积物研究的发展历程.然后侧重于与人为活动有关的环境污染,分别从沉积物环境和污染控制修复两个方面,总结和归纳了近20年来中国在沉积物水环境中的作用及效应、污染物在沉积物-水界面环境行为与影响因素、沉积物生态风险与质量基准、污染沉积物的原位修复、污染沉积物疏浚及异位处置利用等方面的主要研究进展,评述了其中一些研究成果的联系和差异.最后对我国沉积物环境研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出关于多学科交叉、复合污染、新兴/非传统污染物、质量基准、治理技术创新等几个亟需和深入开展研究的科学和技术问题,给出了解决的思路和途径,并进行了展望.     

Numerical modeling of contaminant transport in a stratified heterogeneous aquifer with dipping anisotropy

The combined influence of dip angle and adsorption heterogeneity on solute transport mechanisms in heterogeneous media can be understood by performing simulations of steady-state flow and transient transport in a heterogeneous aquifer with dipping anisotropy. Reactive and non-reactive contaminant transport in various types of heterogeneous aquifer is studied by simulations. The hydraulic conductivity (K) of the heterogeneous aquifer is generated by HYDRO_GEN with a Gaussian correlation spectrum. By considering the heterogeneity of the adsorption distribution coefficient (K _d), a perfect negative correlation between lnK and lnK _d is obtained by using the spherical grains model. The generated K and K _d are used as input to groundwater flow and transport models to investigate the effects of dipping sedimentary heterogeneity on contaminant plume evolution. Simulation results showed that the magnitude of the dip angle strongly controls the plume evolution in the studied anisotropic and heterogeneous aquifer. The retarded average pore-water velocity (v/R) of the adsorption model significantly controls the horizontal spreading of the plume. The bottom plume is intensively retarded in the zones between the dipping lenses of lower hydraulic conductivity and the no-flow bottom boundary. The implications of these findings are very important for the management of contaminated heterogeneous aquifers.     

Seismicity and stress state in the South China Sea, Indochina and their vicinity

The distribution of earthquakes from 1973 to 1982 in the South China Sea, Indochina and their vicinity was studied using the data from I. S. C. It was found that the earthquakes are mainly concentrated along the boundaries of plates. Beside, some of shallow eartqhuakes are distributed in west part of Burma and the boundary between Burma and China, a few of earthquakes occurred in South China Sea. The features of Benioff zone along the boundaries between India plate, Philippine Sea plate and Eurasia plate were studied. The plate do not coupled well under the Java trench and the Philippine trench. The subducted India plate under Burmese range, Andaman—Nicobar arc moves NNE. The fault plane solutions of earthquakes were studied using the first motions of P wave. The stress state on subduction zones and within the area were deduced from the fault plane solutions and the fault movement. It was found that the direction of principal compression axis of stress is in the NNE in west part of Burma, in S—N in south and middle part of Bruma and Thailand, and in NNE or S—N in the South China Sea. It was also found that the stress state has close relation with the interaction of plates. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 129–137, 1991.     

Geologic Features of Wangjiatun Deep Gas Reservoirs of Volcanic Rock in Songliao Basin

Wangjiatun gas pool is located at the north part of Xujiaweizi in Songliao basin. Commercial gas flow has been found in the intermediate and acid volcanic rock of upper Jurassic - lower Cretaceous, which makes a breakthrough in deep nature gas prospecting in Songliao basin. The deep natural gas entrapment regularity is discussed in the paper by the study of deep strata, structure and reservoir. Andesite, rhyolite and little pyroclastic rock are the main reservoirs. There are two types of volcanic reservoir space assemblage in this area: the pore and fissure and the pure fissure. Changes had taken place for volcanic reservoir space during long geologic time, which was controlled by tectonic movement and geologic environment.The developed degree of reservoir space was controlled by tectonic movement, weathering and filtering, corrosion and Filling. There are three types of source- reservoir-caprock assemblage in this area: lower source- upper reservoir model,upper source - lower reservoir model and lateral change model. Mudstone in Dengluoku formation and the compacted volcanic rock of upper Jurassic - lower Cretaceous are the caprock for deep gas reservoirs. Dark mudstone of deep lacustrine facies in Shahezi formation and lower part of Dengluoku formation are the source rock of deep gas. It can be concluded that deep gas pools are mainly volcanic lithologic reservoirs.     

广西不同石漠化程度下典型植物水分来源分析

以广西岩溶地区不同石漠化程度下的典型优势灌木为研究对象,利用氢氧和碳稳定同位素技术,结合叶片水势和土壤水势等,分析广西石漠化地区典型植物的水分利用来源。实验结果表明：随着石漠化的加剧,植物叶片水势和d¹³C值呈降低的趋势,但并没有呈直线下降,且不同石漠化程度下植物的水势和碳同位素差异性均不显著。在轻度和中度石漠化环境下,灌木主要以吸收土壤水（＞70%）为主;重度石漠化环境下,黄荆以夏季早期降雨储存在裂隙孔隙中的水（71.1%）为主要水源,而红背山麻杆则主要吸收土壤水（57.6%）和夏季早期降雨储存在裂隙孔隙中的水（42.4%）。土壤水是石漠化地区植物水分利用的重要来源,在重度石漠化环境下,植物对岩溶裂隙水的利用比例增大。为适应石漠化地区水分不足的现象,植物具有相似的水分利用策略：保持比较低的水势,较高的水分利用效率。植物对不同水源的利用存在转移以适应石漠化环境的加剧。     

怀来4井数字气汞观测及资料分析

介绍了怀来4井数字气汞观测条件及观测装置,该仪器投入观测已近6年,与模拟水汞观测相比,具有采样丰富、数字传输、保存和资料处理快捷、人为观测误差少的优点,从而使汞的信息量增加,为捕捉地震短临异常提供了有利条件。因此,对该井数字气汞观测资料进行分析和总结,为今后数字气汞在短临预报中发挥积极作用,是十分必要的。     

Numerical Study on the Effect of the Manila Seismic Tsunami on the Guangdong Coast——The Nonlinear Effects of Tides and Tsunamis

The coupling numerical model between astronomical tide and tsunamis was built based on the data of the COMCOT model, which was verified by the Japan "3·11" tsunami. The tsunami source of the Manila seismic tsunami was designed and computed to analyze the risk of tsunami which will happen in the Guangdong coast. According to the results, the maximum quantity of water increasing and the time of the tsunami arriving at the Guangdong seacoast were calculated. The coupling simulation between astronomical tide and tsunamis has significant meaning for evaluating the risk and early-warning of tsunamis in the Guangdong coastal area.     

倾斜扰动--一种可能的有效地震前兆

依据小地震时的倾斜记录和岩石破裂时的应变扰动记录提出，岩石破裂和微小地震可能引起倾斜扰动，这种扰动将可能是大地震的有效前兆。然而，如何区分干扰和前兆扰动还需仔细研究。     

近60年鄱阳湖东部湖湾水文连通变化及其对湿地植物与候鸟的影响

鄱阳湖碟形湖生物群落分布特征很大程度上受区域与主湖区水文连通性影响。由于水位波动,东部湖湾水文连通性受鄱阳湖主湖体水位影响较为敏感。本文以东部湖湾为例,分析主湖区水位变异程度及其影响,并从连通天数和发生时间等方面定量表征东部湖湾与主湖区的水文连通性,进而讨论水文连通性变化及其对湿地植物生境和候鸟栖息地的潜在影响。结果表明,当水位在13～16 m时,东部湖湾与主湖区存在着良好的水文连通关系,湿地植物适宜生境面积最大。2003年以后,鄱阳湖主湖区水位普遍降低,低枯水位持续时间延长,IHA/RVA法分析表明主湖区水位发生了中等程度改变,整体改变度为40.2%,东部湖湾与主湖区的连通关系发生明显改变,年连通天数减少了46.2 d,变化幅度为15.9%,而非连通期发生时间提前约1个月且年内时间跨度更长。水文连通性减弱造成3 10月东部湖湾平均水位下降了0.6 m,其中9 10月减少了约1 m,使薹草（Carexsp．）和苦草（Vallisneria natans）适宜水深对应的水面面积在多数月份呈增加趋势,特别是9 10月（幅度超过40%）,但枯水提前导致沉水植物面积减少,湿生植物生物量增加。水...