“一带一路”沿线地区自然灾害危险性与灾损空间格局研究

灾害危险性和灾害损失是区域灾害风险评估的重要内容。以往研究大多基于国别尺度,无法表征国家内部和经济带沿线的灾害损失特征。本文基于“一带一路”沿线地区的洪涝、干旱、风暴、地震4类主要自然灾害的历史数据,提出灾害数据空间尺度下推方法,构建了基于省级尺度的灾害数据库,从灾害发生频次与灾害损失的角度,探讨了“一带一路”沿线地区主要灾害危险性和人口、经济损失的空间分布特征以及综合灾损高值区的主导灾害。研究表明2003—2018年间,“一带一路”沿线地区灾害发生广泛,各类灾害危险性和损失具有明显的集聚特征：81.4%区域均有灾害发生,洪涝灾害发生范围最广,风暴主要发生在沿海地区,干旱灾害集中在中国北部和泰国等地,地震多分布于地震带沿线;全域人口损失以洪涝（53%）、干旱（26%）为主,经济损失以洪涝（49%）、地震（23%）为主,各地区人口和经济损失因区域内人口和经济基础不同存在空间差异;大部分区域损失由单一灾害主导,仅小部分地区损失受多种灾害共同影响。研究结果提示我们应针对各灾害高危区、灾损高值区及各地区主导灾害制定相适应的防灾减灾措施,为未来“一带一路”的自然灾害风险防范与综合减灾、重大基础设施建设等提供支撑。     

Simulation of frozen ground distribution in northeast China based on a surface frost number model

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Against the background of global warming, environmental and ecological problems caused by frozen ground degradation have become a focus of attention for the...     

飑线结构和强度对低层湿度和环境垂直风切变的敏感性研究

利用数值模式WRF进行二维飑线理想数值试验。通过改变初始场低层湿度和低层环境垂直风切变探讨了初始环境场对飑线在触发阶段与发展初期结构和强度的影响。低层湿度试验表明,增加低层湿度有利于初始启动阶段对流的发生从而使对流系统强度更强;飑线强度增加,对流上升运动增强,更有利于冷池前沿激发出新生对流单体,系统发展更快;同时激发更多降水,冷池强度增强。低层环境垂直风切变试验表明,在飑线触发阶段,更强的环境垂直风切变使对流主体前倾趋势更大,对对流的触发有阻碍作用;冷池和环境垂直风切变的相互作用被认为是飑线发展的重要机制,基于RKW理论,在飑线发展初期,近地面冷池相对较弱,在更弱的环境垂直风切变作用下更容易使对流结构呈直立状态从而产生更强和更深的上升运动,飑线强度增强。     

Bioclogging in porous media under continuous-flow condition

Bioclogging extensively exists in porous media, such as permeable reactive barrier, constructed wetland, reverse osmosis, and biofilter systems. Microorganisms overproduce and affect the efficiency of sewage treatment. In this paper, variations in biochemical and hydraulic parameters during the clogging process were obtained using various column experiments. The hydraulic conductivity first decreased sharply to 18.32 % of the original value at the 12th day and decreased to 2.71 % at the end of the experiment, a reduction of more than an order of magnitude. The hydrodynamic dispersion had the highest increase at 7.13 times the initial value and ultimately decreased to 29 %. The porosity decreased to 47.24 % of the initial value, and the total bacterial count in the inlet of the column increased from 3.4 × 10⁶ to 8.8 × 10⁸ cells/mL. Based on the biochemical and hydraulic parameter variation, the clogging process can be divided into four stages: (1) severe clogging occurs, and aerobic microorganisms reproduce rapidly in the inlet; (2) clogging exists in the entire column, and hydrodynamic dispersion increases sharply as aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms reproduce; (3) anaerobic microorganisms reproduce rapidly and produce more gas, and hydrodynamic dispersion decreases quickly; (4) aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms multiply continuously, and hydrodynamic dispersion, hydraulic conductivity, and porosity decrease steadily. Bioclogging then transforms into a steady stage.     

Source parameters of bohai earthquake, July 18, 1969 and yongshan earthquake, May 11, 1974 determined by synthetic seismograms of teleseismic P waves

The source parameters of the Bohai Sea earthquake, July 18, 1969 and Yongshan, Yunnan earthquake, May 11, 1974 were determined by full — wave theory synthetic seismograms of teleseismic P waves. P+pP+sP wereform were calculated with WKBJ approximation and real integral paths. One — dimensional unilateral, finite propagation source was also considered. By trail — and — error in comparing the theoretical seismograms with the observational ones of WWSSN stations, the source parameters were obtained as follow: for Bohai earthquake, φ=195°, δ=85°, λ=65°,M _o=0.9×10¹⁹Nm,L=59.9km.V _R=3.5km/s, ∧ _R =160°; for Yongshan earthquake, φ=240°, δ=80°, ∧=150°,M _o=1.3×10¹⁸Nm,L=48.8km,V _R=3km/s, ∧ _R =−10°, where φ is strike, δ dip angle, λ slip angle,M _o seismic moment,L rupture length,V _R rupture propagation speed. As III type fractures the faulting propagated along the fault planes, and ∧ _R is the angle from the strike to the propagation direction. Yongshan earthquake showed complexity in its focal process, having four sub—ruptures during the first 60 seconds. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 1–8, 1991.     

Factors affecting lipid and fatty acid composition of Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring

The factors affecting lipid and fatty acid composition of copepod Calanus sinicus in the Yellow Sea (YS) and the East China Sea (ECS) were examined in this stud...     

柴达木盆地昆北油田路乐河组辫状三角洲沉积特征

柴达木盆地昆北油田路乐河组主要为砂砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩构成的陆源碎屑岩组合,通过详细的岩心特征和区域地质分析,将其确定为辫状三角洲沉积,其微相包括(水下)分流河道、河口坝、席状砂、泛滥平原、分流间湾和前三角洲泥等,其中以(水下)分流河道沉积为主体。该辫状三角洲的纵向岩石组合序列反映为典型的退积型三角洲,即发育于可容纳空间与沉积物补给速率比值(A/S比值)逐渐增大的湖侵环境。沉积旋回早期发育辫状三角洲平原,旋回中后期发育辫状三角洲前缘和前三角洲。辫状三角洲整体呈自南西向北东的扇形展布,平面上发育两期分支物源体系,分别位于Q6和Q16井区。实验分析测试、试油等资料揭示辫状三角洲(水下)分流河道砂体储集性能较好,它的发育控制路乐河组油气的纵向与平面分布。     

内蒙古二连盆地洪浩尔舒特凹陷白垩系火山岩储集层

内蒙古二连盆地火山岩分布极为广泛,在古生界（含变质岩） 及中生界的侏罗系和白垩系均有分 布。位于盆地内乌尼特坳陷的洪浩尔舒特凹陷发育有３套火山岩,主要分布在白垩系阿尔善组上段、阿尔善组 下段和腾格尔组一段,火山岩主要为安山岩,次为凝灰岩和少量火山角砾岩。火山岩储集空间类型主要为气孔 和火山灰溶孔,孔缝组合类型有孔隙型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔隙-裂缝型和裂缝型。储集层物性受火山岩岩相、 成岩作用和构造活动影响,以岩相影响最显著。储集层发育总体上中央洼槽中部和东部较好。     

基于PSO-MLSSVR的土体参数反演方法在深基坑工程中的应用

为了确保基坑工程安全,常常会采用数值模拟的方法预测支护结构的位移,其中岩土体力学参数的选取对于结果的影响最大.本文使用了一种粒子群(PSO)算法结合多输出最小二乘支持向量回归机(MLSSVR)的基坑土体参数位移反分析法,以深圳某深基坑的支护桩顶水平位移监测数据为依据,基于正交设计生成具有代表性的土体参数组合,通过有限元...     

从水井岩大型滑坡表面高温降解喷出物特征到汶川地震天然气体溢出爆炸模型

汶川大地震中XI级烈度区内水井岩滑坡现场等地爆炸声、特大型滑坡现场巨大环形坑和远距离抛射碎石等记录和现象,需给出科学解释。在地震发生后多次现场地质调查和走访、样品采集和多项分析测试及其结果比较等基础上,对主中央断裂F₂控制的下盘陈家坝水井岩大型滑坡体上环形坑周边不同距离范围内散落烧焦残留的硅酸盐和碳酸岩等采样后,开展了物质成分和微观结构分析。结果发现：与原生溶蚀灰岩、薄层煤岩结构和有机质成分不同,这些抛散在滑体表面的样品中富含经强烈高温作用的块石,一些成分以锰碳酸盐岩等为主的暗棕色样品中稠环芳烃是其经历过强烈热作用过程而使有机质发生环化芳构化反应的结果,即样品经过了强烈热降解作用,显示其形成时出现强烈热作用过程和高温裂解现象。结合本区地质构造特征和煤层气分布情况、地震后实施的汶川地震带深钻在穿越主中央断裂带F₂深度处监测到余震过程中甲烷含量异常增高、东河口地震遗址公园发现温泉及天然气溢出等资料和研究结果,讨论了地震诱发的富含甲烷的天然气爆炸,其加剧或伴生着地震次生地质灾害。由此推测：与碳质岩或煤系共存的喀斯特溶洞中封闭煤层气在地震过程中突溢和爆炸燃烧,叠加或放大了地震作用,结果在滑坡堆积体表面残留了多处环形爆炸坑,引发了一些岩块大规模长距离水平抛撒等。研究结果对监测和认识发震断层带在地震过程中天然气爆炸诱发和加剧滑坡灾害有重要意义。