定位参数抗差估计的无偏性

根据抗差估计中误差的最基本假设—对称分布 ,考虑到ρ函数的条件及把反对称估计作为抗差估计计算迭代的初始值 ,验证了定位参数的抗差估计值也一定是反对称估计 ,满足无偏性条件 ,得到定位参数的抗差估计是无偏估计。     

"西气东输"工程沿线煤层气资源开发潜力评价

“西气东输”工程经过多个大型煤层气田,总资源量近１０万亿ｍ＾３,相当于塔里木盆地的天然气资源量,工程沿线的沁水,鄂尔多斯盆地是我国煤层气勘探开发的重点区域,已经取得了煤层气产气量的突破。“西气东输”工程的实施,为勘探开发煤层气创造了管网条件。     

定位参数抗差估计的无偏性

根据抗差估计中误差的最基本假设一对称分布,考虑到ρ函数的条件及把反对称估计作为抗差估计计算迭代的初始值,验证了定位参数的抗差估计值也一定是反对称估计,满足无偏性条件,得到定位参数的抗差估计是无偏估计.     

中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件比较分析

着重介绍中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件的内容和格式,并将我国研究制定的《气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式》标准的基本内容与全球气候观测系统(GCOS)和美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)的台站沿革项目内容进行了比较和分析。我国的气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式和内容的选择充分参考了国外相关文件,既具有国际通用性,能够满足国际资料交换所需要的台站沿革信息,又具有业务实用性,能够满足气象数据分析和应用业务需求。     

FY-4A AGRI陆地气溶胶光学厚度反演

风云四号A星（FY-4A）是中国第二代静止气象卫星的首颗星,多通道扫描成像辐射计AGRI (Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager)是搭载在FY-4A上的主要光学载荷之一。AGRI具有高频率观测特点（每天观测205次）,在大气气溶胶的遥感高频监测方面具有良好应用潜力,但目前官方还未发布相应的气溶胶数据集。本文旨在针对AGRI数据的特点开发基于地表反射率比值库的反演算法以生产高精度的AGRI气溶胶数据集。本文首先基于再分析数据对去云后的AGRI L1级数据进行气体吸收订正;然后利用背景气溶胶光学厚度AOD(Aerosol Optical Depth)对一个月内的“次暗像元”进行大气校正以获取AGRI 0.65μm和0.83μm通道的地表反射率,进而获取这两个通道的地表反射率的比值,完成每个月的地表反射率比值库的构建;最后便可以基于已构建的地表反射率比值库实现地气解耦,完成气溶胶的遥感反演。该算法已被应用于2019年5—10月京津冀地区的气溶胶反演,AGRI AOD反演结果与美国国家航天局发布的MODIS (Moderate-resolution ...     

红土型金矿床综述(英文)

近二十年来 ,热带地区普遍存在的红土型风化作用及其对矿床与矿化带的影响引起了普遍的关注。红土型风化壳的主要矿物成分是以铁铝的氧化物及氢氧化物和粘土矿物为主 ,如针铁矿、赤铁矿、铝土矿、高岭石及石英等 ,与其未风化的母岩相比 ,含有相当高的铁和铝。红土型风化过程中 ,易溶元素均不同程度地被淋滤 ,而难溶元素则相对富集。红土型金矿床就是在这样强烈的风化作用中由原生的金矿化带进一步富集而成 ,并可形成极富的矿体。金矿体常常赋存于风化壳的上部 ,易于露天开采。目前 ,在澳大利亚、巴西、巴布亚新几内亚、印度以及非洲的一些国家均发现了红土型金矿床。红土型风化剖面一般可分为 5个特征带 ,由上而下为 :表土带、铁质带、斑点带、浅色带、腐岩带 ,下面即为未风化的母岩 ,金矿体主要赋存于铁质带和斑点带中。红土型风化壳厚度变化很大 ,薄则几米 ,厚可达数百米。金在风化过程中往往向矿化带两侧运移 ,矿体常呈上宽下窄状。次生金常呈自形晶、树枝晶、浑圆状及不规则状产出 ,并常常与铁质结核共生。一般地说 ,次生金的成色很高 ,因为红土型风化作用常常是在氧化并且酸性的地球化学环境中进行 ,金和银主要以氯化物的形式运移 ,局部地球化学环境的变化可导致金的沉淀 ,而银的氯化物则较稳定 ,?     

Stabilization of extracellular polymeric substances (Bacillus subtilis) by adsorption to and coprecipitation with Al forms

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are continuously produced by bacteria during their growth and metabolism. In soils, EPS are bound to cell surfaces, associated with biofilms, or released into solution where they can react with other solutes and soil particle surfaces. If such reaction results in a decrease in EPS bioaccessibility, it may contribute to stabilization of microbial-derived organic carbon (OC) in soil. Here we examined: (i) the chemical fractionation of EPS produced by a common Gram positive soil bacterial strain (Bacillus subtilis) during reaction with dissolved and colloidal Al species and (ii) the resulting stabilization against desorption and microbial decay by the respective coprecipitation (with dissolved Al) and adsorption (with Al(OH)_3(am)) processes. Coprecipitates and adsorption complexes obtained following EPS-Al reaction as a function of pH and ionic strength were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The stability of adsorbed and coprecipitated EPS against biodegradation was assessed by mineralization experiments for 1100 h. Up to 60% of the initial 100 mg/L EPS-C was adsorbed at the highest initial molar Al:C ratio (1.86), but this still resulted only in a moderate OC mass fraction in the solid phase (17 mg/g Al(OH)_3(am)). In contrast, while coprecipitation by Al was less efficient in removing EPS from solution (maximum values of 33% at molar Al:C ratios of 0.1-0.2), the OC mass fraction in the solid product was substantially larger than that in adsorption complexes. Organic P compounds were preferentially bound during both adsorption and coprecipitation. Data are consistent with strong ligand exchange of EPS phosphoryl groups during adsorption to Al(OH)_3(am), whereas for coprecipitation weaker sorption mechanisms are also involved. X-ray photoelectron analyses indicate an intimate mixing of EPS with Al in the coprecipitates, which is not observed in the case of EPS adsorption complexes. The incubation experiments showed that both processes result in overall stabilization of EPS against microbial decay. Stabilization of adsorbed or coprecipitated EPS increased with increasing molar Al:C ratio and biodegradation was correlated with EPS desorption, implying that detachment of EPS from surface sites is a prerequisite for microbial utilization. Results indicate that the mechanisms transferring EPS into Al-organic associations may significantly affect the composition and stability of biomolecular C, N and P in soils. The observed efficient stabilization of EPS might explain the strong microbial character of organic matter in subsoils.     

Adsorption characteristics of perchloroethylene in natural sandy materials with low organic carbon content

Laboratory batch tests were conducted to investigate the sorption isotherms and sorption kinetics of the chlorinated hydrocarbon perchloroethylene (PCE) in five natural sandy materials with an organic carbon content (f _oc) in the range 0.080–0.540%. The amended non-linear dual-mode model can describe the sorption isotherms in materials with f _oc in the range 0.080–0.090%. For a sample with a much higher f _oc of 0.54%, the absorption isotherm was found to fit a linear model. These results may indicate that organic carbon is not the main factor influencing the sorption isotherm. The sorption kinetics of PCE in samples with f _oc in the range 0.080–0.090% are not first-order and are different from those observed in the samples with higher f _oc. The sorption process in the materials with lower f _oc involves fast sorption, fast desorption and an equilibrium stage. The results may imply that the factors affecting sorption kinetics of PCE in low f _oc media are pore filling and capillary condensation rather than organic carbon content.     

Optimization of a PRB structure with modified chitosan restoring Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater

Hexavalent chromium is a soluble, mobile, and highly toxic metal ion in groundwater. Adsorption by permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) with special sorbent is a common method to remove hexavalent chromium. A series of experiments have been performed to remove hexavalent chromium in groundwater under PRB with modified chitosan. Therefore, in this paper, the authors first estimated adsorption characteristics of the modified chitosan in a column test, and then calibrated the PRB adsorption parameters in a sandbox test, and finally designed an optimal width, length, and depth of the PRB with the same reactive media in a three-dimensional aquifer. The results showed that the modified chitosan might be a potential adsorption medium. The design schemes can meet the water quality standard of 0.1 mg/L Cr(VI). Heterogeneity of dispersion is a crucial factor when designing the PRB. Therefore, the design of the PRB structures can be appropriate and serve as reference for groundwater remediation.     

“一带一路”背景下中亚五国矿业投资环境和投资方向探讨

中亚国家是我国的近邻,也是发展丝绸之路经济带的重要地区。中亚国家矿产资源丰富,与我国矿产资源短缺和供给不足形成互补,中亚国家普遍支持外国企业投资矿产资源勘探、开采、深加工。分析和研究中亚五国的矿业管理与投资环境,可以为我国企业在中亚五国矿业投资提供参考。