灰霾过程中的气溶胶特性观测研究

结合太阳光度计、激光雷达以及其他相关数据对河北香河县2007年4月初的一次灰霾天气过程中的气溶胶特性进行了遥感研究。研究表明,在这次灰霾的爆发期间,能见度从20 km下降到3 km左右;气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）在3个波段上都明显增加,特别是380 nm处的AOD从6日的031增长到10日的140;Angstrom指数(ALPHA)也明显下降,例如340~440 nm处的ALPHA从7日的145下降到10日的099。从AOD和ALPHA在短波处的较大变化、体积浓度谱的粗模态粒子的大量增加和PM10浓度值的变化分析来看,这次灰霾过程中的气溶胶数浓度明显增加,其中还含有大颗粒物的大量导入。激光雷达探测消光系数的垂直分布也显示气溶胶在垂直高度上达到了近3 000 m左右。从微物理特征的变化上看,这次灰霾过程中局地气溶胶的散射能力增强,吸收能力减弱。另外,通过HYSPLIT模式对后向轨迹的模拟和对NCEP数据的分析,发现这次灰霾过程中所包含的大颗粒物的主要源地可能是蒙古地区,所以气溶胶呈现了一定的沙尘气溶胶特征。     

SITE EFFECT AND EARTHQUAKE DISASTER CHARACTERISTICS IN GUANGZHOU AREA FROM HORIZONTAL-TO-VERTICAL SPECTRAL RATIO(HVSR)METHOD

Site effect, which is related to the amplification of seismic waves, is mostly affected by the thickness and softness of sediment layers. The study of site effect in cities is becoming more and more important to the assessment of ground motions, seismic hazard and engineering seismology. However, in highly populated urban cities, traditional seismic surveys cannot be applied extensively due to their destructive consequences and high cost. The ambient noise, including microseisms and microtremor, could be acquired anywhere and anytime, and thus can serve as an effective source for engineering seismology. In order to get the site effect and distribution of sedimentary layers of Guangzhou area, one hundred QS-05A seismographs with frequency bandwidth of 5s-250Hz were deployed in early 2018 for 35 days. The inter-station spacing of these seismometers is approximately 2~5km. Using continuous ambient noise signals, we obtained the resonance frequency and amplification value beneath each station by horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio(HVSR)method. Then sedimentary layer thicknesses as well as K-values, which are related to the site vulnerability to ground shaking, were calculated. Our results suggest that the resonance frequencies in Guangzhou area are between 1~6.5Hz. The resonance frequencies increase gradually from 1Hz on the north-east side to 6.5Hz on the south-west side of the study area. The sediment thicknesses change from several meters to about 40m, with the maximum thickness at around the estuary of the Pearl River. This distribution is consistent with the topography. The amplifications are mainly between 2~6. The largest amplification is around the Pearl River and the west part of Baiyun District. In general, the K-values are small(<20), less than the dangerous value, suggesting that Guangzhou area is relatively safe in ground shaking. However, there are three small areas beneath Huadu District, Sanshui District and Nanhai District. They all have K-values greater than 20, suggesting those areas are more vulnerable to earthquake destruction, and higher construction standard is needed. The reliability of our results is further supported by its consistency with topography and borehole data in Guangzhou area. Our results provide important information for shallow underground structure in Guangzhou area, and can be referred as guidelines in urban architecture planning and disaster prevention and mitigation.     

水下岩质边坡稳定性计算模式的探讨

论文讨论了水下岩质边坡稳定性分析中平面型滑动及其边坡后缘出现拉张裂缝等两种计算模式，着重分析了水下岩质边坡的受力机理，推导了考虑动水的水流速度及不同的滑动面倾角等水下岩质边坡稳定性评价公式，得到了岩质边坡稳定系数与水流速度的关系曲线和岩质边坡稳定系数与滑动面夹角的关系曲线。通过实例计算，讨论了水下岩质边坡后缘出现拉张裂缝后稳定性评价的主要影响因素及其变化规律。当考虑水流速度对边坡的作用时，边坡的稳定性明显下降。     

北京大都市土地开发的乘数效应和增长模式研究

本依据1992－2000年北京地区2000多个土地开发项目统计资料，通过实证对城市土地空间开发的理论模式进行研究。结果表明，城市特定区域的土地开发，表现为乘数效应作用下的逻辑斯蒂增长。根据模型对各环线和扇面模拟的相关系数高达0．95以上。在此基础上，结合北京举办奥运会带来的巨大投资规模，预测北京大市土地开发的趋势。     

COVID-19疫情冲击下的中国对外贸易韧性格局及影响因素

COVID-19疫情全球爆发,成为载入史册的一次全球公共卫生事件。在此期间,中国贸易的变化反映了突发公共卫生事件对全球和地方贸易的影响,凸显了中国的贸易韧性。借鉴区域经济韧性理论开展中国贸易韧性的格局和影响因素研究,利用2020年1—12月中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）的贸易数据,对其贸易的整体状况和贸易韧性格局进行分析,并运用地理探测器的方法对疫情冲击下的中国贸易韧性格局的影响因素进行探讨。研究发现：① 根据与2019年同期比较,可将中国贸易韧性变化过程划分为两个阶段,2020年1—5月为抵抗期,2020年6—12月为恢复期。② 在疫情影响下,各省份的贸易韧性具有较大差异,贸易抵抗性较好的区域主要包括四川、陕西、江西等内陆中西部省份和河北省,较差的区域主要为对外贸易基础较差、疫情严重地区以及边境省份。而贸易恢复性较好的主要为云南、贵州等内陆省份和疫情冲击影响最严重的湖北省。③ 疫情冲击下影响中国贸易韧性的因素是多源的,整体来看最大贸易国疫情严重程度、贸易伙伴数量、本地疫情严重程度因子等对贸易抵抗性解释度最高;对贸易恢复性解释度最高的因子为地区经济发展水平和医药产业状况。除了各维度因子不同程度的影响,各因子间的交互作用均增强了贸易抵抗性与恢复性的空间分异性。关于中国贸易韧性格局及影响因素的探讨,对认识特殊事件冲击下的全球化进程和区域贸易韧性评估具有重要的理论价值,也对构建中国国内国际双循环新发展格局具有重要的实践意义。     

深海技术装备公共研发平台的建设与思考

建设功能齐全、能够服务于海洋探测技术的公共研发平台是推动我国海洋科学研究、海洋技术装备研发和成果转化的重要支撑。基于此,当前国家深海基地管理中心已开展集装备研发制造、性能测试、规范化海试、技术咨询与培训等功能一体化的深海技术装备公共研发平台的建设工作。本研究以深海技术装备公共研发平台为例,介绍平台在硬件设施建设的基本情况,阐述了平台运行管理制度的建设情况,论述了平台建设过程中的经验和不足之处,以期为其他公共研发平台的建设工作提供有益借鉴和经验。     

海洋工程对天津近岸海域环境的影响研究

文章根据2014年在天津近岸海域海水水质调查成果和收集资料的基础上,分析了现阶段天津近岸海域水质状况,并结合近几年大规模海洋开发活动,分析天津近岸海域环境变化趋势。研究表明:除营养盐浓度明显增加外,其他因子没有明显变化,说明近期的海洋工程对天津近岸海域的环境影响不大。     

Carbonate metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle: Implications for cratonic destruction in North China

The activity of melts and fluids may have played a key role in inducing the destruction of the eastern North China Craton in the early Cretaceous. Carbonate melts are important agents in mantle metasomatism and can significantly modify the physical and chemical properties of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Carbonate metasomatism can be identified by specific geochemical indices in clinopyroxene, such as high Ca/Al and low Ti/Eu ratios. This study presents the spatial and temporal variations of carbonate metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton. Three types of carbonate metasomatism are classified based on the geochemical compositions of clinopyroxene in mantle peridotites. Clinopyroxene formed by Type 1 carbonate metasomatism is characterized by very high Ca/Al ratios(15–70) and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.706–0.713). Clinopyroxene derived from Type 2 carbonate metasomatism shows relatively high Ca/Al ratios(5–18) and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.703–0.706). However, clinopyroxene resulting from Type 3 carbonate metasomatism has low Ca/Al ratios(5–9) and~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios(0.702–0.704). Deep(garnet-bearing) and shallow(spinel-bearing) lithospheric mantle beneath the Sulu orogen and surrounding areas in the eastern North China Craton were affected by intense Type 1 carbonate metasomatism before the late Triassic. The deep subduction of the South China Block with its accompanying carbonate sediments was the trigger for Type 1 carbonate metasomatism, which reduced strength of the lithospheric mantle and provided a prerequisite for the destruction of the eastern North China Craton in the early Cretaceous. After the destruction of the eastern North China Craton, the ancient relict lithospheric mantle, represented by spinel harzburgite xenoliths hosted in the late Cretaceous to Cenozoic basalts,only recorded Type 2 carbonate metasomatism. This implies that the lithospheric mantle experienced the intense Type 1 carbonate metasomatism was completely destroyed and not preserved during decratonization. Spinel lherzolite xenoliths hosted in the late Cretaceous to Cenozoic basalts represent the young, fertile lithospheric mantle formed after the cratonic destruction and only a few samples record Type 2 and 3 carbonate metasomatisms. We suggest that carbonate melts derived from the subduction-modified asthenospheric mantle with variable proportions of recycled crustal material was responsible for the Type 2 and 3 carbonate metasomatisms. The carbonate metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Jiaodong Peninsula and surrounding areas is very pervasive and is spatially consistent with the remarkable thinning of lithospheric mantle and giant gold deposits in this region. Therefore, we conclude that carbonate metasomatism in the lithospheric mantle played a crucial part in the modification, destruction and gold deposits in the eastern North China Craton.     

结合序贯指示模拟的贝叶斯高斯混合线性反演

高斯混合模型(Gaussian Mixture Model, GMM)可以用来描述储层性质的多峰分布特性,多峰特性主要是由于它们在不同离散变量内的变化而引起的.在高斯混合模型中,高斯分量的权值代表离散变量的概率.然而,基于高斯混合模型的贝叶斯线性反演可能会对某些点的离散变量错误地分类,进而影响连续变量的反演结果,尤其存在强噪声的时候.在本文中,我们考虑了离散变量的空间变化性,并将高斯混合模型与序贯指示模拟(Sequential Indicator Simulation, SIS)相结合来确定离散变量的后验条件权值,形成了结合序贯指示模拟的贝叶斯高斯混合线性反演方法.该方法能够准确地对离散变量进行归类,且具有良好的抗噪性.通过模型试算,我们证明了这种方法的可行性,并在实际资料中取得了较好的结果.     

东南极拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩的格林威尔期变质作用和构造意义

东南极拉斯曼丘陵出露的中-高级变质岩是普里兹湾基底岩系的主要组成部分,是研究普里兹湾高级区组成与演化的理想对象。本文对拉斯曼丘陵米洛半岛地区的夕线石榴二长片麻岩进行了岩石学、相平衡模拟和地质年代学研究。研究结果表明拉斯曼丘陵夕线石榴二长片麻岩矿物组合为石榴子石+堇青石+斜长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英±黑云母±钾长石,经历了格林威尔期(～980Ma)高温变质,其峰期阶段(M1)的矿物组合为石榴子石+斜长石+钾长石+钛铁矿+夕线石+石英,变质温压条件为:～820℃、～9. 6kbar。夕线石榴二长片麻岩的岩浆锆石比变质锆石具有更低的LREE和更高的HREE含量,其原岩的沉积年龄不早于～1073Ma,物源主要为中元古代岩浆岩(S-型花岗岩)。拉斯曼丘陵在格林威尔期经历了陆-陆碰撞,进而快速折返、剥蚀作用的过程。