A review of geochemical background concepts and an example using data from Poland

One of the most crucial issues of recent environmental sciences is the topic of background concentrations of elements and organic compounds in various abiotic and biotic systems. The relationship between natural and anthropogenically altered concentrations of chemical species is a question that involves many implications in the geosciences, environmental and biological sciences, toxicology, and other related disciplines. This is especially important when interpreting geochemical and biogeochemical anomalies of toxic elements and/or organic compounds in various media. To better understand the potential impact of hazardous substances in the environment, we must become more familiar with their spatial and temporal distribution and with their behavior under different physico-chemical and biotic conditions. This review presents an assessment of the geochemical background concept as used by various authors. Different assumptions and approaches to this topic are presented, including direct, statistical, and integrated methods. Based on the results derived from geochemical and biogeochemical studies performed in selected forest ecosystems of Poland, an integrated method is presented. As a consequence of data processing, a normal distribution of data points was obtained using an iterative 2σ-technique. This method of estimating geochemical background is feasible and can be used for setting environmental quality standards or for studying the impact of anthropogenic pollution sources on the environment.     

漫滩恒定明渠水流的三维数值模拟

采用Naot-Rodi代数应力模型(N-R模型),结合非均匀交错网格下的混合有限分析法(HFAM)来计算漫滩水流的三维流动。为了得到稳定的收敛解,作了两点改进:其一为非均匀网格中数值离散的导数项二阶格式的引入;其二为复式断面分块耦合技术的采用。给出了漫滩水流主流速等值线、二次流的断面分布、垂线平均流速的横向分布以及主槽与全断面流量比随相对水深的变化规律。部分结果与实验资料的对比,表明NR模型和HFAM能较好地用于研究漫滩水流流速、流量和水位的关系。     

高原多年冻土地区遥感图像工程地质分区的探讨

简要叙述了利用遥感图像进行高原多年冻土工程地质分区的优越性,将高原多年冻土工程地质分区分为 3个大区和 10个亚区,着重叙述高原多年冻土工程地质分区判释特征,对判释特征进行了较系统的归纳,并以实例说明遥感工程地质分区判释在青藏铁路线方案比选中的作用。     

南京地铁许府巷站深基坑工程与监测

南京许府巷地铁站深基坑工程采用地下连续墙围护，明挖顺做法施工。地下连续墙接头采用预制钢筋砼接头桩连接止水，两端头井辅以深层搅拌桩加固地基。基坑开挖时进行墙体位移、轴力、临近建筑物沉降变形监测，保证了安全施工。     

Monotonic and cyclic modeling of interface between geotextile and gravelly soil

This paper describes a modified elasto‐plasticity damage model to capture monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil. New damage variable and shear strength criterion are introduced on the basis of test observations. The formulations of the modified model are obtained by extending those of the original interface model. The model parameters with physical meaning are easily determined from a group of cyclic shear tests and a confining compression test. The model predictions are compared with the results of a series of direct shear tests and large‐scale pullout tests. The comparison results demonstrate that the model accurately describes the monotonic and cyclic stress–strain relationship of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil while capturing new characteristics: (1) the strength that is nonlinearly dependent on the normal stress; (2) significant shear strain‐softening; (3) the comprehensive volumetric strain response with dependency on the shear direction; and (4) the evolution of behavior associated with the changes in the physical state that includes the geotextile damage. This model is used in a finite element analysis of pullout tests, indicating that the tensile modulus of a geotextile has a significant effect on the response of the geotextile–gravel system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modeling of soil–structure interface of a concrete-faced rockfill dam

Concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRD) are widely used in large-scale hydraulic projects. The face slab, the key seepage-proof structure of great concern, has a strong interaction with the neighboring gravel cushion layer due to a significant difference in their stiffness. An elasto-plasticity damage interface element, a numerical format of the EPDI model, is described for numerical analysis of a CFRD that can trace the separation and re-contact between the face slab and the cushion layer at the interface. As verified by simulating slide block and direct shear interface tests, this element was confirmed to capture effectively the primary monotonic and cyclic behaviors of the interface. This element can easily be extended to the finite element method (FEM) programs that involve the Goodman interface element. The analysis of a typical CFRD showed that the interface model describes a significant effect on the stress response of the face slab under different conditions, including dam construction, water storage, and earthquake. Treatments of the cushion layer, such as an asphalt layer, changed the behavior of the interface between it and the face slab, which resulted in a significant effect on the stress response of the face slab. The top of the face slab exhibited a significant separation from the cushion layer during construction, induced mainly by construction of the neighboring dam body.     

铜仁坝黄震旦系老堡组顶部晶屑凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄及其地质意义

对于元古宙—显生宙的沉积—构造转换,前人做了大量研究工作,但一直以来未能获得较为一致的认识。野外调查发现,在处于上扬子东南缘台地与盆地相区的过渡带上的贵州铜仁坝黄长坪附近震旦系老堡组顶部硅质岩中,发育有一层10～20cm厚的凝灰岩夹层,岩石学研究也证实其为一层晶屑凝灰岩,并对其进行了SHRIMP锆石 UPb年龄测定,获得556±5Ma沉积年龄。结合前人生物地层学、沉积学等研究成果,显示处于深水陆棚相区的老堡组顶部硅质岩与页岩互层段为扬子克拉通元古宙—显生宙之交沉积—构造转换过程中的一次重要的沉积事件,该沉积事件始于556Ma左右,可与扬子克拉通上的广泛的火山事件相对应,且可能与约550Ma时Rodinia超大陆最后裂解和Iapetus洋的形成有关。     

高分辨率层序地层学的应用——以河125断层区沙三中亚段为例

应用高分辨率层序地层学的理论及方法,对东营凹陷沙三中亚段进行了精细地层对比,划分出3个长期基准面旋回和4个中期旋回.     

罗定地区震旦纪地层中变质砾岩的地质特征

根据岩石学、矿物学、微量元素、古生物以及变质砾岩的形态特征等多方面研究表明,粤西罗定地区老鼠峡震旦纪变质地层中出露的厚层状变质砾岩为-套成分比较单一,属沉积成因并经构造改造的变质底砾岩。底界相当于中国南方的南沱组的底界,为广东省境内早、晚震旦世之间澄江运动的构造界面。