Remapping Fictional Worlds: A Comparative Reconstruction of Fictional Maps

ABSTRACT

This article presents a quantitative analysis of fictional maps and their relation to historic maps from different periods. Fictional maps are maps of imaginary territories. This type of map is now common in fiction, but they arose relatively late, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and are considered an independent branch of cartography today. They stand out through the way they are published because they are component parts of books and not independent cartographic works, and therefore their creators are not cartographers but rather the authors of these books. Fictional maps are mostly subordinate to the story, but they serve to give a sense of historical authenticity and draw the reader into the story. Without networks of coordinates and with labels such as ‘the end of the world’, they are spatially indeterminate, but they establish a connection between the fictional landscape and its identity. This study deals with 89 fictional maps from recent children’s and young adult literature. First we present a historical overview of these works and fictional maps, and then a cartographic analysis of fictional maps. We examined seventy-seven books with fictional maps and evaluated the maps according to five groups of standard cartographic elements: natural elements, built elements, toponyms, mathematical elements, and explanatory elements. We discuss the differences between cartographic representation of fictional maps and historic maps, and build a cartographic model based on the frequency of cartographic elements to put fictional maps into historic and geographical contexts.     

广西南流江流域土壤-水稻系统Cd生物有效性及影响因素

广西南流江流域第四系发育形成的土壤中Cd等重金属含量较低,但水稻籽实Cd超标率很高。为了查清Cd在南流江流域土壤-水稻系统中的分布和迁移规律及其生物有效性的影响因素,按照不同成土母质物源分区,系统采集了水稻及其对应的根系土样品,测试了水稻籽实Cd、土壤Cd、pH、Corg、N、S、Mn及氧化物等指标,部分土壤样品进行了七步顺序提取法实验。结果表明,不同母质根系土Cd总量大小顺序为碳酸盐岩区>水系上游第四系区>水系中游第四系区>水系下游第四系区>碎屑岩区,而水稻籽实中Cd含量顺序却基本相反,两者之间不具有明显相关性(r=-0.030,p=0.84 )。形态数据显示,水溶态Cd与籽实Cd相关性较好,能够较好指示研究区Cd的生物有效性,同时,土壤水溶态Cd占比受土壤pH、土壤CaO、Mn、有机碳(Corg)等土壤指标的控制。     

源内致密砂岩优质储层特征及控制因素分析:以川西坳陷须五段为例

川西坳陷的油气勘探已经从源储分离的常规油气勘探逐渐转变为源储一体的常规与非常规油气协同勘探,其中致密储层发育特征及成藏特点成为目前亟须解决的关键科学问题之一。运用石油地质学与沉积岩石学原理及分析方法,对川西坳陷须五段储层发育特征及控制因素进行研究,研究结果显示,须五段砂岩储层的孔隙度为1.371%~8%,小于10%,渗透率为(0.005~0.701)×10^-3 μm ²,小于1×10^-3 μm ²,属致密储层范畴。基于砂岩粒度大小结合储层物性以及含气性分析,须五段识别出三类优质储层,即粗砂、中砂和细砂。研究区粗砂较少发育,厚度较大的中砂和细砂在上亚段、中亚段和下亚段的三角洲前缘亚相较发育,储集空间发育微孔隙、少量微裂缝。粒度中值控制致密砂岩优质储层的发育类型、沉积相带与层序控制优质储层的发育位置,成岩作用控制优质储层的形成。     

Geoelectrical Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle in the Qinling and Adjacent Regions

１．Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｈｅｄａｔａｏｆｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍ２１６ｍａｇｎｅｔｏｔｅｌｌｕｒｉｃｓｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓａｃｒｏｓｓｔｈｅＱｉｎｌｉｎｇｏｒｏｇｅｎ,ｔｈｅＹｅｘｉａｎ（ｉｎＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）－Ｎａｎｚｈａｎｇ（ｉｎＨｕｂｅｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）Ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ（Ｌｉｅｔａｌ．,１９９８）,ｔｈｅＬｕｏｙａｎｇ（ｉｎＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）－Ｓｈｉｙａｎ（ｉｎＨｕｂｅｉＰｒｏｖｉｎ…     

福建地区流动地磁观测与地震的关系

介绍了福建省流动地磁野外观测及资料的处理情况。利用１９９０年以来的流磁资料,采用常规差值法和差值滑动滤波方法,分析了９０年代发生在我省及邻近海域的地震与地磁异常变化的关系。结果表明,震前存在着地磁异常的变化信息,反映出地磁宾复杂性。     

容器固有频率对液体晃荡的影响

针对矩形容器内液体晃荡问题,采用了时域高阶边界元方法建立自由水面满足完全非线性边界条件的数学模型。求解中采用混合欧拉-拉格朗日方法追踪流体瞬时水面,运用四阶龙格库塔方法更新下一时间步的波面和速度势。通过将计算得到的波面结果与实验数据、解析解和已发表结果对比,吻合良好,验证了本方法的准确性。进而采用谱分析方法分析了波面时间历程,得到容器各阶固有频率对液体晃荡的影响。研究发现,基频对液体晃荡的影响最大,且非线性越强,更高阶容器固有频率的影响越大。     

青藏高原春末土壤湿度对初夏降水的影响

为了研究青藏高原(简称高原)春末(5月)土壤湿度与初夏(6月)降水的关系,利用1979-2019年ERA-Interim土壤湿度月平均资料和同时段高原109站观测降水资料,分析了高原春季土壤湿度与汛期(5-9月)降水之间的关系.结果 表明:春末表层(0～28 cm)土壤湿度与高原初夏降水呈显著的正相关,在空间上土壤湿度...     

繁殖季节彩虹鲨卵巢发育的组织学研究

对繁殖季节彩虹鲨卵巢的结构进行显微观察。结果表明,繁殖季节彩虹鲨卵巢,大多处于Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期,少数处于Ⅲ期。在Ⅳ和Ⅴ期卵巢中,Ⅱ～Ⅵ时相的卵母细胞同时存在,说明彩虹鲨为分批产卵类型。Ⅱ时相卵母细胞出现卵黄核,Ⅲ时相卵母细胞出现放射膜和皮质液泡,Ⅳ时相卵母细胞的受精孔和精孔细胞明显。     

基于蒙特卡洛生存分析探究东北森林物候的影响因素

植被是生态环境变化的指示器,分析植被物候的影响因素不仅有助于气候变化分析,提高区域气候模式的模拟精度,而且对于准确评估植被生长趋势、生产力以及全球碳收支均具有重要意义。基于遥感的植物物候监测已取得了长足的发展和进步,但当前利用大范围、长时间序列的遥感数据分析植被物候影响因素的研究尚不多,采用线性回归模型对非线性的植被物候影响因素进行分析可能存在偏误。因此,本文提出一种基于蒙特卡洛模拟的生存分析方法,对东北森林物候的影响因素进行量化分析。首先利用东北森林地区1982-2009年间AVHRR GIMMS NDVI数据,应用双Logistic曲线拟合方法对植被春季返青期（SOS）、秋季落叶期（EOS）及植被生长期（GSL）进行提取;然后基于蒙特卡洛模拟和生存分析构建植被物候影响因素分析模型;最后运用所构建模型探讨了东北森林区春季返青期、秋季落叶期的可能影响因素。结果发现：温度、降水和风力对中国东北森林关键物候期有一定影响,其中温度是春季返青期和秋季落叶期的最主要驱动因素,长期平均温度比短期内的温度突变对物候影响更显著,落叶期前的风速增加有可能使落叶时间提前;除了环境因素,春季返青早的年间秋季落叶倾向于更晚。研究表明,结合蒙特卡洛方法的生存分析可以较好地对物候期的影响因素进行定量分析,可为物候现象的归因分析提供一种新的方法。     

Failure behavior of soil-rock mixture slopes based on centrifuge model test

The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.