Wien effect of Cd/Zn on soil clay fraction and their interaction

Background

The coexistence of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions in nature has a significant influence on their environmental behaviors in soils and bioavailability for plants. While many studies have been done on the mutual toxicity of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺, few studies can be found in the literature focused on the interaction of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on soil clay fractions especially in terms of energy relationship.

Results

The binding energies of Cd²⁺ on boggy soil (Histosols) particles and Zn²⁺ on yellow brown soil (Haplic Luvisols) particles were the highest, while those of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on paddy soil (Inceptisols) particles were the lowest. These results indicated that Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ have a strong capacity to adsorb in the solid phase at the soil–water interface of boggy soil and yellow brown soil, respectively. However, both Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ adsorbed on paddy soil particles easily release into the solution of the soil suspension. Unlike the binding energy, the higher adsorption energies of ions in boggy and yellow brown soils showed a weak binding force of ions in boggy soil and yellow brown soil. A 1:1 ratio of Cd²⁺ to Zn²⁺ promotes the mutual inhibition of their retentions. Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ have high mobility and bioavailability in paddy soil and yellow drab soil (Ustalfs), whereas they have high potential mobility and bioavailability in boggy soil and yellow brown soil.

Conclusion

In the combined system, Zn²⁺ had preferential adsorption than Cd²⁺ on soil clay fractions. Boggy soil and yellow brown soil have a low environmental risk with lower mobility and bioavailability of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ while paddy soil and yellow drab soil present a substantial environmental risk. In the combined system, Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺ restrain each other, resulting in the weaker binding force between ions and soil particles at a 1:1 ratio of Cd²⁺–Zn²⁺.

     

Comparison of cloud properties between cloudsat retrievals and airplane measurements in mixed-phase cloud layers of weak convective and stratus clouds

Cloud microphysical properties including liquid and ice particle number concentration (NC), liquid water content (LWC), ice water content (IWC) and effective radius (RE) were retrieved from CloudSat data for a weakly convective and a widespread stratus cloud. Within the mixed-phase cloud layers, liquid-phase fractions needed to be assumed in the data retrieval process, and one existing linear (p1) and two exponential (p2 and p3) functions, which estimate the liquid-phase fraction as a function of subfreezing temperature (from -20°C to 0°C), were tested. The retrieved NC, LWC, IWC and RE using p1 were on average larger than airplane measurements in the same cloud layer. Function p2 performed better than p1 or p3 in retrieving the NCs of cloud droplets in the convective cloud, while function p1 performed better in the stratus cloud. Function p3 performed better in LWC estimation in both convective and stratus clouds. The REs of cloud droplets calculated using the retrieved cloud droplet NC and LWC were closer to the values of in situ observations than those retrieved directly using the p1 function. The retrieved NCs of ice particles in both convective and stratus clouds, on the assumption of liquid-phase fraction during the retrieval of liquid droplet NCs, were closer to those of airplane observations than on the assumption of function p1.     

基于线性规划方法处理C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达差分相位φ_C数据

高质量的差分相位数据能够有效地提高雷达识别粒子、估测降水的能力。本研究针对南京信息工程大学C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达(NUIST-CDP),提出一套差分相位φ_C数据的质量控制算法。其中将雷达观测到的差分相位φ_C分为5个部分:差分传播相位φ_(DP)、后向散射差分相位δ、非降水回波的波动ε_(NP)、系统误差ε_S以及电磁波信号的随机扰动ε_R。在线性规划方法的基础上,采用模糊逻辑法、小波分析法与迭代滤波法分别将差分相位φ_C数据中的ε_(NP)、ε_R和δ剔除,然后依据滤波后的数据,将各径向中第一个降水回波的值作为该径向的系统误差ε_S。结果表明,该算法能够有效地平滑由非降水回波引起的大振幅波动以及因电磁波信号造成的小振幅扰动,且可以剔除差分相位φ_C数据中存在的δ。此外,处理后的数据满足随径向距离递增的条件。     

利用遥感影像和经验估计方法初判云南省建水县房屋抗震能力

房屋建筑破坏是地震中导致人员伤亡的主要因素,在未取得房屋详细风险调查数据的过渡时期,综合房屋结构和用途的实测资料、农危改和异地搬迁统计资料以及不同用途的房屋在影像上的几何特征和空间特征,提出了云南地区基于遥感影像和经验估计方法的房屋抗震能力等级初判方法,并在建水县开展试点应用。结果表明:建水县房屋估计抗震能力达标等级占比为8%,疑似抗震能力不足等级占比为88%,疑似抗震能力严重不足等级占比为4%。     

超弹性-复摩擦摆隔震支座的性能试验与数值模拟

利用复摩擦支座（Double friction pendulum bearing,DFPB）和形状记忆合金（Shape Memory alloy,SMA）拉索,提出了一种超弹性-复摩擦支座（Superelastic-double friction pendulum bearing,SDFPB）。该新型滑动隔震支座在水平方向可适应多水准地震激励,且在竖向拥有抵抗拉拔的功能。阐述了SDFPB的构造特点和工作原理。通过性能试验考察了这一隔震装置的力学特性。建立了SDFPB的恢复力模型,利用其模拟了试验条件下的滞回响应。研究结果表明:SDFPB的耗能能力优良,且具有较好的多级抗震自适应能力;模拟值与试验值吻合较好,验证了上述力学模型的正确性。     

北斗系统在远洋及南极地区的定位性能分析

利用北斗/GPS双系统四频率接收机,于2011年10月至2012年4月采集了中国第28次南极考察沿线的北斗和GPS实测数据,跨度北至中国天津,南至南极内陆昆仑站。从C/A码伪距的信噪比和多路径、可见卫星数、PDOP值、标准定位的精度等方面对比分析了北斗和GPS系统在航线上不同区域,尤其是在远洋及南极地区不同运动状态下的定位效果。结果表明现阶段的北斗系统信号质量总体上与GPS相当;在45°以内的中低纬度地区,动态定位精度与GPS相当,水平和高程方向分别可达10 m和20 m左右,而静态定位水平方向精度为米级,与GPS相当,高程方向10 m左右,较GPS略差;在中高纬地区,由于可见卫星数较少、卫星分布较差,定位精度较差或无法定位。     

中国区域多种微波遥感土壤湿度产品质量评估

以自动土壤水分观测站土壤湿度作为验证数据, 对2012年中国区域ASCAT、WINDSAT、FY3B、SMOS 4种微波遥感土壤湿度产品按省份进行了评估研究。结果表明:ASCAT质量最优, 在中国大多数地区与观测数据的相关系数较高, 归一化标准偏差较小。WINDSAT其次, 质量优于FY3B, 而SMOS在中国大部分地区质量差, 受无线电频率干扰严重。4种产品在中国西北地区表现均略好, 如山西、陕西、宁夏等省区。研究还发现, 同一卫星土壤湿度产品在同一季节, 不同地区评估质量不同, 这可能与不同地区的地表植被覆盖类型有关。     

基于β-连环蛋白基因的分子标记甄别海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)和沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)

采用转录组454 GS FLX测序和PCR技术,以海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)和沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)的基因组DNA为模板,分别克隆了包含EST-SSR和EST-SNP标记的β-连环蛋白基因目的片段。生物信息学分析显示,海蜇和沙海蜇的β-连环蛋白基因目的片段长度分别为166/169 bp和157/160 bp,均没有内含子。海蜇个体之间β-连环蛋白基因目的片段除了微卫星重复差异外,只有一个碱基的差异;沙海蜇个体之间除了微卫星重复差异外,其余完全一致。在海蜇和沙海蜇β-连环蛋白基因目的片段的相同位置均包含微卫星重复,但其重复单元截然不同:海蜇为:(TGC)4-6(TGT)1-2(TGC)4-5,而海蜇为(TGT)5-6。同时两物种间还存在14个单核苷酸多态位点:(T/C)1,(T/C)2,(C/T)3,(C/T)4,(C/T)5,(T/G)6,(G/C)7,(T/G)8,(A/G)9,(C/T)10,(G/A)11,(A/G)12,(C/T)13,(A/T)14。聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱也直接客观地反映了两个群体之间目的片段的长度和微卫星多态性差异。上述结果显示,EST-SSR和EST-SNP标记的β-连环蛋白基因目的片段,可以作为一种简单、有效的分子标记,快速、准确地识别不同发育阶段的海蜇和沙海蜇。     

CMIP5气候模式对北半球夏季阻塞的评估

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的逐日再分析资料,评估了耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(The fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,简称CMIP5)17个气候模式对于20世纪北半球夏季气候态阻塞频数和振幅的模拟能力,从线性趋势和年际变化2方面评估了欧亚3个关键区(欧洲区、乌拉尔山区和鄂霍次克海区)夏季阻塞频数的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)尽管模式对北半球夏季阻塞频数和振幅的模拟结果存在偏差,但大部分模式可以很好模拟出气候态特征,模式对频数的模拟结果略优于振幅;无论频数或者振幅,CanESM2均为17个气候模式中模拟效果最好的,CMCC-CESM和MIROC-ESM为模拟效果最差的,多模式集成的结果优于大部分单一模式。(2)大多数模式可以较好的模拟出欧亚3个关键区夏季平均阻塞频数和标准差,但对阻塞频数线性趋势和年际变化特征的模拟能力有限。