Origin and Evolution of Aquitard Porewater in the Western Coastal Plain of Bohai Bay,China

High‐salinity paleowater from low‐permeability aquitards in coastal areas can be a major threat to groundwater resources; however, such water has rarely been studied. The chemical and isotopic compositions of porewater extracted from a 200‐m‐thick Quaternary sedimentary sequence in the western coastal plain of Bohai Bay, China, were analyzed to investigate the salinity origin and chemical evolution of porewater in aquitards. Porewater samples derived at depths shallower than 32 m are characterized by Cl‐Na type saline water (total dissolved solids [TDS], 10.9–84.3 g/L), whereas those at depths greater than 32 m comprise Cl·SO₄‐Na type brackish water (TDS, 2.2–6.3 g/L). Saline porewater is interpreted as evaporated seawater prior to halite saturation, as evidenced by Cl‐Br relationships. Although substantial dilution of saline porewater with meteoric water is supported by a wider Cl^? range and δ²H‐δ¹⁸O covariance, the original marine waters were not completely flushed out. The deeper brackish porewater is determined to be a mixture of fresher porewater and brine groundwater and had a component of old brine of less than 10%, as indicated by a mixing model defined using δ²H and Cl^? tracers. Porewater δ²H‐δ¹⁸O relationships and negative deuterium excess ranging from ?25.9‰ to ?2.9‰ indicate the existence of an arid climate since Late Pleistocene in Tianjin Plain. The aquitard porewaters were chemically modified through water‐rock interactions due to the long residence time.     

Halin图的色数问题

Halin图G=T∪C,其中T为每一非悬挂点(内点)度数至少为3的平面树,C为连接T的所有悬挂点的圈.文章分别讨论了Halin图的星色数、面色数及分数色数.     

浙江省海宁市TM图像土地利用自动分类精度评价方法的试验研究

按照国家土管局土地利用现状分类标准,利用叠合的海宁市长安镇１∶１万同时期土地详查电子地图的全域地面实况数据,在遥感图像处理常规分类方法的范畴内,采取最大程度利于提高分类精度的措施,所得的分类精度上限为６５％。研究表明,通常在试验区的小块局部中选择训练样本和选择评价分类精度的参考像元,对精度评价有显著影响,参考像元质量和数量的限制很可能是这些年来一些同类研究报道了较高分类精度结果的主要原因     

隧道结构系统可靠度研究

在结构系统可靠度研究的基础上,根据隧道结构的特点,应用概率理论及工程结构系统可靠度分析方法,对整个隧道结构系统可靠度进行了探讨。隧道结构系统可靠度研究包括衬砌断面可靠度、在各种不同围岩压力作用下衬砌断面可靠度、同种围岩地段衬砌可靠度以及整座隧道可靠度的研究。整座隧道可看作由两端洞门和洞内不同围岩地段隧道衬砌所组成的串联系统,任一围岩地段衬砌和任一洞门结构的破损,都认为该隧道破损,则运用“概率网络估算技术”（又称PNET法）可求得整座隧道系统的失效概率与可靠指标。通过实例计算得到,整座隧道系统的总体可靠指标比所有单段结构的可靠指标都要低。     

顾及光谱畸变的高分辨率图像融合方法研究

使用高分辨率遥感图像进行像素级图像融合,在图像小波分解时,通过计算不同分解层数下得到的融合图像的熵来决定图像的小波分解层数;在图像小波重建时,引入局部相关系数,并在不同的分解层上设置不同的阈值进行有选择的高频系数替换,实现图像的像素级融合。并使用Quickbird全波段与多光谱数据进行试验,得到了分辨率高、光谱畸变微小的彩色融合图像。     

莱州湾海岸带环境与功能区划初探

利用国家海洋局第一海洋研究所2007—2008年莱州湾地下水监测数据,在甄别、整理的基础上,进行了相关分析、主成分和聚类分析。根据聚类分析各类别的地下水质特征,同时考虑到区域的可持续发展,划分出海水入侵预防治理区、海水入侵重点治理区、养殖与海化产业区和海化工业区共四个区域。     

Gaussian decomposition and component pigment spectral analysis of phytoplankton absorption spectra

The absorption spectrum of phytoplankton is an important bio-optical parameter for ocean color hyperspectral remote sensing;its magnitude and shape can be affected considerably by pigment composition and concentration.We conducted Gaussian decomposition to the absorption spectra of phytoplankton pigment and studied the spectral components of the phytoplankton,in which the package effect was investigated using pigment concentration data and phytoplankton absorption spectra.The decomposition results were compared with the corresponding concentrations of the five main pigment groups(chlorophylls a,b,and c,photo-synthetic carotenoids(PSC),and photo-protective carotenoids(PPC)).The results indicate that the majority of residual errors in the Gaussian decomposition are0.001 m~(-1),and R~2 of the power regression between characteristic bands and HPLC pigment concentrations(except for chlorophyll b)was0.65 or greater for surface water samples at autumn cruise.In addition,we determined a strong predictive capability for chlorophylls a,c,PPC,and PSC.We also tested the estimation of pigment concentrations from the empirical specific absorption coefficient of pigment composition.The empirical decomposition showed that the Ficek model was the closest to the original spectra with the smallest residual errors.The pigment decomposition results and HPLC measurements of pigment concentration are in a high consistency as the scatter plots are distributed largely near the 1:1 line in spite of prominent seasonal variations.The Wozniak model showed a better fit than the Ficek model for Chla,and the median relative error was small.The pigment component information estimated from the phytoplankton absorption spectra can help better remote sensing of hyperspectral ocean color that related to the changes in phytoplankton communities and varieties.     

以钻代槽勘查方法研究与应用

为解决槽、井探等传统地表揭露手段自身局限性问题及减少对环境的破坏,提出以钻代槽勘查方法研究的技术路线,总结归纳出浅钻技术方法与钻孔布孔方案,同时初步探讨了基于钻孔数据的三维地质建模方法。最后将以钻代槽方法成果在西藏等地进行了推广应用,验证了可行性和有效性。     

Non-symmetrical levee breaching processes in a channel bend due to overtopping

A series of experiments were done to reveal the overtopping breaching process of non-cohesive and cohesive levees in a U-bend flume. The flood hydrograph and breaching geometry were measured and analyzed in detail. The results show that the levee breaching processes can be briefly divided into four stages: slope erosion, longitudinal headward gully-cutting, lateral erosion, and relative stabilization. For non-cohesive levees, non-symmetrical lateral development of the breach occurs throughout the four stages, and the final non-symmetrical coefficient is approximately 2.2–2.6. Larger flow discharge or higher water level can accelerate the breaching process, while coarser sands tend to accelerate the process initially but depress the process at the end. The fluvial erosion rate of a non-cohesive breach shows a power-function relation with the excess wall shear stress. For cohesive levees, a plateau forms in the breach partially blocking the flow in the first two stages. The breach flow is approximately perpendicular to the levee body, and, thus, the erosion rates of the two breach sides are almost the same. Non-symmetrical lateral development mainly occurs in the third stage when the deep gully forms. The final non-symmetrical coefficient is approximately 2.7–3.3. It is expected that these findings can provide a valuable experimental dataset and a theoretical basis for breach closure and flood alleviation.     

松嫩平原土地沙化现状与动态变化

松嫩平原沙地主要分布于松嫩平原的中西部地区,包括松嫩沙地和科尔沁沙地的一部分.沙地分布区处于半干旱地区,年降水量在350~450 mm,是松嫩平原生态环境变化的敏感地区.采用RS和GIS集成技术,对松嫩平原1986年和2001年的沙地进行遥感解译,结合野外调查,研究松嫩平原沙地分布的现状及其动态变化.结果表明,松嫩平原土地沙化有进一步发展的趋势,2001年沙地面积比1986年增加了861.1 km²,沙地平均每年以0.44%的速度扩展.其中,重度沙地变化率最大,中度沙地面积数量增加最多,轻度沙地略有减少.