The Slab-Mantle Interaction in Continental Subduction Channels

<正>The subduction channel is the dynamic site of mass and energy exchange between the slab and mantle.It is evolved into the subduction factory by processing raw materials into different products.The raw materials are sedimentary crust,igneous crust,and lithospheric mantle(juvenile or ancient).They are carried with the subducting     

Improved Geometric Model of Extensional Fault–bend Folding

Extensional fault–bend folds, also called rollovers, are one of the most common structures in extensional settings. Numerous studies have shown that oblique simple shear is the most appropriate mechanism for quantitative modeling of geometric relations between normal faults and the strata in their hanging walls. However, the oblique simple shear has a rather serious issue derived from the shear direction, particularly above convex bends. We use geometric and experimental methods to study the deformation of extensional fault–bend folds on convex bends. The results indicate that whether the fault bends are concave or convex, the shear direction of the hanging wall dips toward the main fault. On this basis, we improve the previous geometric model by changing the shear direction above the convex bends. To illustrate basin history, our model highlights the importance of the outer limit of folding instead of the growth axial. Moreover, we propose a new expression for the expansion index that is applicable to the condition of no deposition on the footwall. This model is validated by modeling a natural structure of the East China Sea Basin.     

Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Geochemical Characteristics of the Volcanic Host Rocks from the Tongyu VHMS Copper Deposit in the Western North Qinling Orogen and Their Geological Significance

Precise in situ zircon U-Pb dating and Lu–Hf isotopic measurement using an LA-ICP-MS system, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry were conducted on the volcanic host rocks of the Tongyu copper deposit on the basis of further understanding of its geological characteristics. Three zircon samples from the volcanic host rocks yielded 206Pb/238 U weighted average ages ranging from 436±4 Ma to 440±5 Ma, which are statistically indistinguishable and coeval with the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction event of the Paleo-Qinling oceanic slab. The volcanic host rocks were products of magmatic differentiation that evolved from basalt to andesite to dacite to rhyolite, forming an integrated tholeiitic island arc volcanic rock suite. The primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns for most samples show characteristics of island arc volcanic rocks, such as relative enrichment of LILE(e.g. Th, U, Pb and La) and depletion of HFSE(e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf). Discrimination diagrams of Ta/Yb vs Th/Yb, Ta vs Th, Yb vs Th/Ta, Ta/Hf vs Th/Hf, Hf/3 vs Th vs Nb/16, La vs La/Nb and Nb vs Nb/Th all suggest that both the volcanic host rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the volcanic rocks from the regional Xieyuguan Group were formed in an island arc environment related to subduction of an oceanic slab. Values of ISr(0.703457 to 0.708218) and εNd(t)(-2 to 5.8) indicate that the source materials of volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit and the Xieyuguan Group originated from the metasomatised mantle wedge with possible crustal material assimilation. Most of the volcanic rock samples show good agreement with the values of typical island arc volcanic rocks in the ISr-εNd(t) diagram. The involvement of crustal-derived material in the magma of the volcanic rocks from the Tongyu copper deposit was also reflected in the zircon εHf(t) values, which range from-3.08 to 10.7, and the existence of inherited ancient xenocrystic zircon cores(2616±39 Ma and 1297±22 Ma). The mineralization of the Tongyu copper deposit shows syn-volcanic characteristics such as layered orebodies interbedded with the volcanic rock strata, thus, the zircon U-Pb age of the volcanic host rocks can approximately represent the mineralization age of the Tongyu copper deposit. Both the Meigou pluton and the volcanic host rocks were formed during the ca. 440 Ma northward subduction of the Paleo-Qinling Ocean when high oxygen fugacity aqueous hydrothermal fluid released by dehydration of the slab and the overlying sediments fluxed into the mantle wedge, triggered partial melting of the mantle wedge, and activated and extracted Cu and other ore-forming elements. The magma and ore-bearing fluid upwelled and erupted, and consequently formed the island arc volcanic rock suite and the Tongyu VHMS-type copper deposit.     

新疆塔县乔普卡铁矿和山东莱州土山铁矿特征对比

虽然乔普卡铁矿和土山铁矿在地理位置上相隔甚远,但是二者在赋矿层位、磁异常特征、矿体及围岩特征、矿石结构构造、矿物成分和矿石类型以及矿床成因等诸多方面存在着较大的相似性,进一步研究对比二者的共同和异同点,对于寻找此类矿床有一定的指导作用。本文主要在乔普卡铁矿和土山铁矿详查工作和参考前人工作研究的基础上,对比分析了两个铁矿的异同点,从而总结出相邻区域里寻找此类矿床的几个注意点。     

钦-杭结合带在中生代构造转折事件以前的板块构造机制

钦州湾—杭州湾结合带是位于扬子与华夏两大古陆块中间的巨型构造结合带,在演化成西太平洋活动大陆边缘之前,经历了多期次的构造-岩浆事件。扬子和华夏板块于新元古代通过四堡造山运动(1 000~880 Ma)沿江山—绍兴断裂,经赣东北、湘中至钦州湾地区发生碰撞-拼合事件,拼合界线大致位于钦州湾—杭州湾结合带内,形成"两陆夹一盆"的主要格局。后碰撞过程经历了造山后岩浆活动和大陆拉张裂解两个过程,在结合带形成广阔的拉张盆地,加里东期(460~410 Ma)以及印支期(250~200 Ma)发生的碰撞-拼合事件导致扬子和华夏地块多次再造,引发强烈的构造-岩浆活动,并形成了华南统一的沉积环境。受西太平洋板块俯冲影响,华南地区中生代构造转折事件(125~140 Ma)使华南地区主要构造背景由碰撞挤压调整为岩石圈减薄,成为华南最重要的岩浆活动和成矿期。根据内部结构的不均一性和演化历史差异,钦州湾—杭州湾结合带可分为北段、中段和南段3段。其中,中段与传统南岭大体一致;北段为南岭以北地区,即绍兴—江山—萍乡一带;南段为南岭以南地区,大致与云开隆起—十万大山盆地相当。年代学和地球化学研究显示,在云开地块西缘的一系列变质基性岩、超基性岩和变质基性火山岩形成于新元古代洋中脊(MORB)或者岛弧(ITA)特征的构造环境,最近在岑溪一带发现形成于加里东期(441 Ma)的变质火山岩同样具有MORB型地球化学特征。在十万大山两侧发现早中生代的酸性火山岩和流纹岩具有典型岛弧型火山岩地球化学特征。可见结合带南段曾经存在古老洋壳,先后经历了新元古代、加里东期和印支期的碰撞造山事件,与北段演化历史具有一致性。     

可可西里盆地东部五道梁群热水湖相成因新认识

五道梁地区位于青藏高原北部可可西里盆地东部,其中新世发育一系列古湖泊,保存有大套碳酸盐沉积。本文通过对五道梁北山含叠层石剖面和南部剖面进行矿物学、元素地球化学研究,发现叠层石剖面主要矿物为方解石和少量石英,而南侧剖面则含有铁白云石、方解石、石英和钠长石。铁白云石和钠长石次生加大边的发现说明该区曾受热水活动的影响。元素分析结果也显示As、Sb、Ba、Fe等热水沉积标志元素含量较高,且Ni/Co、Mn/Sr、V/Cr、V/Sc等比值也较高;加之稀土元素配分模式和碳氧同位素特征均表明该地区为热水湖相沉积。另外叠层藻的出现也反映当时湖水温度至少为20~30℃。综合各种分析结果说明五道梁群为热水湖相成因,该区中新世发育有大量火山岩,因此可作为下一步寻找火山沉积型硼矿床重要线索。     

卧龙湖煤矿岩浆蚀变煤层中汞的分布与赋存特征

系统采集淮北卧龙湖煤矿岩浆蚀变煤层中岩浆岩、煤及顶底板岩石样品,测试分析了样品中汞、灰分、挥发分、水 分以及各形态硫的含量,探讨了岩浆蚀变煤层中汞的分布与赋存特征。结果表明：（1） 岩浆侵入导致煤中灰分升高,挥发 分降低,煤中硫主要以黄铁矿硫和有机硫存在;（2） 岩浆侵入导致煤中汞的富集,卧龙湖煤矿岩浆蚀变煤层中汞的平均含 量高达0.23×10-6,是华北石炭-二叠纪煤、中国煤以及美国煤中汞的平均含量的1.4 倍,1.2 倍和1.3 倍;（3） 煤中汞的含量 随离岩浆侵入体距离增大有逐渐降低的趋势,但在煤岩接触带附近,汞在岩浆侵入体上方和下方的煤中呈现不同的分布特 征;（4） 煤中的汞主要以无机结合态的形式存在,且大部分赋存在煤中的黄铁矿中,同时亦存在与有机硫结合的汞。岩浆 热液对煤层的侵入,导致煤质以及煤中汞的含量和赋存方式发生了显著变化。     

关于地球化学数据处理方法的讨论——以大兴安岭喜桂图地区1/20万区域地球化学数据为例

针对地球化学数据中存在的离群数据点在地球化学图面上出现的等量线畸变或"牛眼点"现象,本文使用多种数据网格化插值方法和参数对比以消除"公牛眼"现象,结果表明,克里格、径向基本函数、改进的谢别德、最小曲率、移动平均等方法均不能较好地消除该现象。各种网格化算法编制的地球化学等量线图和交叉验证结果证明,以改进的指数距离幂倒数加权网格化方法效果最好,并且网格参数选择中以取样间距为网格间距,以2.5倍网格间距为搜索半径和幂指数因子的网格化参数既能消除等量线畸变现象,又能对原始数据进行较接近的表达。上述各种地球化学数据网格化插值方法的对比及结果可为地球化学数据处理中遇到同类问题提供信息。     

一种亮星识别算法及其在天文定向中的应用

基于全站仪对任意亮星的观测采样,提出了一种利用高度角序列和水平角速率进行联合匹配的任意亮星识别算法。通过引入天体地平坐标计算程序,算法可正确辨别行星和恒星。本文分析了任意亮星高度角和水平角速率的观测误差和计算误差,以此给出了匹配阈值条件的设定依据,并在此基础上制定了有效的匹配策略。仿真计算及实际观测试验均表明,该算法具有100%的识别成功率,远优于现有算法。将此算法应用于任意亮星天文定向,定向结果的内符合精度达到2″,外部检核精度达到1.6″。采用多颗任意亮星进行定向,可有效减弱由测站位置误差引入的定向系统误差,提高绝对定向精度。本文提出的天文定向适用于多云及雾霾天气。     

高光谱影像光谱-空间多特征加权概率融合分类

提出了一种基于光谱-空间多特征加权概率融合的高光谱影像分类方法。首先,利用最小噪声分离(minimum noise fraction,MNF)方法对高光谱影像进行降维和特征提取,并以得到的MNF特征影像作为光谱特征,联合灰度共生矩阵(gray level co-occurrence matrix,GLCM)提取的纹理特征、基于OFC算子建立的多尺度形态学特征以及采用连续最大角凸锥(sequential maximum angle convex cone,SMACC)提取的端元组分特征,组成3组光谱-空间特征;然后利用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)对每一组光谱-空间特征进行分类,得到每组特征的概率输出结果;最后,建立多特征加权概率融合模型,应用该模型将不同特征的概率输出结果进行加权融合,得到最终分类结果。为了验证该方法的有效性,利用ROSIS和 AVIRIS影像进行试验,总体分类精度分别达到97.65%和96.62%。结果表明本文的方法不但较好地克服了传统基于单一特征高光谱影像分类的局限性,而且其分类效果也优于常规矢量叠加(vector stacking,VS)和概率融合的多特征分类方法,有效地改善了高光谱影像的分类结果。