福建石炭纪岩相古地理分析

笔者总结了福建省石炭纪生物地层与岩石地层的研究成果,提出了生物地层与岩石地层的划分对比。在详尽的相分析基础上对该纪地层进行了相系、相、亚相及微相的划分,并按“优势相”的原则分期编制了林地期、黄龙期及船山期的岩相古地理图。笔者采用“相、层、位”控矿观点对石炭纪的矿产成因及成矿规律作了探讨。     

浙东晚白垩世小雄破火山中火山-侵入杂岩的岩石成因

破火山内出露的火山岩与浅成侵入岩为硅质岩浆演化研究提供了一个重要窗口，从而备受关注。小雄破火山内的火山-侵入杂岩是中国东南沿海晚白垩世岩浆活动的典型代表，包括小雄组火山岩（K₂x）与两类侵入岩（花岗斑岩、正长斑岩）。本文以小雄火山-侵入杂岩为研究对象，开展了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石学和地球化学研究，旨在深入探讨破火山内火山岩与侵入岩之间的成因联系和岩浆演化过程。系统的LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明，小雄组火山岩形成于98~88Ma，并具有多期次喷发的特点，可分为下段、中段和上段，年龄分别为98~96Ma（K₂x¹）、95~92Ma（K₂x²）、~ 88Ma（K₂x³）。小雄花岗斑岩形成年龄为90Ma；正长斑岩形成稍晚，约88Ma。与下段流纹质玻屑凝灰岩的Nd-Hf同位素组成[ε_Nd（t）=-8.3~-7.2， ε_Hf（t）=-11.8~-7.2]相比，中段流纹岩要更为亏损[ε_Nd（t）=-5.84~-5.32， ε_Hf（t）=-10.1~-0.5]。研究表明，小雄组流纹质火山岩的母岩浆可能起源于发生在深部岩浆房中渐进的壳幔相互作用，中段流纹岩的源区混入了更多的亏损幔源组分。中段流纹岩与花岗斑岩具有相似的Nd-Hf同位素组成，以及 "互补"的微量元素地球化学特征，由发生在浅部岩浆房的分离结晶作用和堆晶作用所制约。值得注意的是，正长斑岩与花岗斑岩并不存在直接的成因演化关系，两者应是不同的起源。不同的正长斑岩岩株具有高度一致的结晶年龄、微量元素特征以及Nd-Hf同位素组成，以上特征均表明小雄破火山内的正长斑岩具有相同的起源。正长斑岩母岩浆起源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融，岩浆源区混入了来自亏损的软流圈地幔组分，其地球化学成分变化主要受"普通辉石+磷灰石+钛铁矿"的分离结晶所控制。     

区域复合生态系统分析及其可持续发展对策

从系统物质循环角度分析了人类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统不可持续发展的原因是由于大量生产-大量消费-大量废弃的线性生产和消费模式耗用了大量资源，产生太多的废弃物，破坏了复合系统正常的物质代谢。提出系统调节，实现系统可持续发展的途径，包括控制人口增长，适度消费；调整复合系统生产链的数量结构和比例关系；建立协调的结构网络关系，构建循环型社会。     

19802000北京市农业土地生产性的变动分析

根据1980、1990、2000年的统计资料和实地走访观察,本文分析了北京市乡镇一级的粮食作物、蔬菜作物和果品作物的分布格局及农业土地生产性近20年的变化。研究认为:1980年北京农业生产分布格局与土地生产性为比较典型的杜能模式;随着农业经营的多样化,1990年和2000年北京农业土地生产性呈现出多样的分布格局;北京粮食作物、蔬菜作物、果品作物的分布格局及农业土地生产性近20年的变化与此阶段的农业生产政策、农业以外的社会经济活动变化有较强的关联性;对北京以上问题的研究为验证杜能、辛克利亚、布莱昂特城市周边农业地域研究经典理论的演变提供了实证案例。     

库姆塔格沙漠"羽毛状沙丘"形态的示量特征

通过卫星照片判读和实地观测,库姆塔格沙漠的“羽毛状沙丘”由两种风沙地貌构成：东北-西南走向的新月形“沙垄”为“羽轴”；垄间分布的波状微起伏的“大沙波”为“羽枝”,“大沙波”与沙垄的夹角为75°～103°。二者组合成类似“羽毛”的风沙地貌。新月形“沙垄”由单个新月形沙丘的前一沙丘的迎风坡与后一沙丘东翼相连构成“沙垄”。组成“沙垄”的新月形沙丘的两翼平均长37．5m,翼间距30～66m,沙丘高3～19m；在所观测区域内,沙丘沙的分选性由南向北变差。新月形“沙垄”长为3～22km,垄间距为1～3km,其问分布浅色和暗色相间的波状微地貌,暗色部分平均宽24．3m,浅色部分的平均宽11．6m。暗色部分表层沙粒的粒径有60%在1．00～0．25mm之间,以暗色矿物为主,而浅色部分表层沙粒的粒径的90%在1．00～0．25mm之间,分选性相对暗色部分较好,以石英等浅色矿物为主。暗色和浅色微地貌成对出现,相对高差约7cm。这种波状微地貌在库姆塔格沙漠中北部重复出现,类似于风沙地貌分类的沙波,暂称其为“大沙波”。     

基于区域竞争力对比的新疆旅游资源开发分析

由于资源赋存、区位优势、基础设施、经济发展等方而存在的地域差异,使不同区域在旅游业发展中有不同的业绩和发展潜力。以20纪90年代以来新疆旅游接待量和旅游收入不断增长但旅游目的地地位明显下降为线索,对比研究了新疆的资源禀赋、开发程度、客源市场竞争态等,并调查分析了东南沿海及港澳台地区游客旅游意愿和赴疆游的客源市场潜力。提出区位条件是新疆在现阶段不可抗拒和短期内难以改变的客观因素,必须在现实基础条件下转变思维方式,宏观上以国内远程市场为目标,建立民俗-湖泊-冰川-草原-古迹-沙漠的旅游开发序位；中观上整合近域特殊地理单元内的同构旅游产品以打造品牌；微观上倡导“旅游体验”为核心的管理模式和开发理念。     

Uniaxial compression and tension tests of anthracite and loading rate dependence of peak strength

The mechanical characteristics of coal under uniaxial compressive stress and uniaxial tensile stress are key factors in investigations of the stability of galleries and coal faces, and are vital considerations for the efficient design of coalmines, disaster prevention, and environmental preservation. These mechanical characteristics have long been a topic of research, but remain insufficiently understood. In this study we performed uniaxial compression tests and uniaxial tension tests on coal, with particular attention to two concerns. The first was to measure the loading rate dependence of the peak strength of coal. Coal shows high sample-to-sample scatter in strength; test methods that are successful in comparatively homogeneous rock types cannot be used for coal. We therefore used an alternative test method that was recently developed by the authors. Anthracite samples were subjected to alternating slow and fast strain rates. Measured variations in stress during this process were used to estimate the loading rate dependence of peak strength. The second objective was to obtain complete stress–strain curves for coal under uniaxial tensile stress. It is difficult to hold samples secure during a tensile test; consequently, such curves have yet to be obtained. This study presents a successful application of the authors' method to the analysis of coal samples, yielding a complete stress–strain curve under tensile stress. The two methods presented here hold promise for application not only to anthracite but also to a wide variety of coals. It is possible to derive the values of the constants used in constitutive equations from the obtained experimental results. Once these equations are determined, they can be incorporated into finite-element software to investigate various time-dependent behaviors of coal and aid in the efficient design of coalmines and the prevention of subsidence and mine disasters.     

Exploiting the dual functions of polymer depressants in fine particle flotation

Fine hydrophilic particles are known to be entrained with water in flotation of many ores. Flocculation of the hydrophilic particles by polymer depressants could potentially reduce the mechanical entrainment of these particles. This paper reports testwork completed on fine particles of several solids, iron oxide, hydroxyapatite and sphalerite, as well as on a relatively coarse quartz sample (− 75 + 38 μm). Dodecylamine was used as a collector for quartz, and several dispersants and polymer depressants, including sodium silicate, sodium metaphosphate, zinc sulfate, cornstarch, corn dextrin and carboxymethyl celluloses (with molecular weights of both 700,000 and 80,000) were used as flotation modifiers. The major part of the testwork involved flotation tests in a 200 mL flotation column. It was observed that flocculation of the fine hydrophilic particles significantly reduced their mechanical entrainment, while dispersion severely aggravated it. Thus, in the flotation separation of synthetic mixtures of the − 75 + 38 μm quartz and fine (reagent grade) iron oxide or hydroxyapatite, polymer depressants that caused flocculation performed better than those that did not cause flocculation.     

贵州南部“半边街式”铅锌矿床地质特征及其成因探讨

贵州省南部地区是全国重要的汞、锑资源分布区。2000年由于产于上泥盆统中铅锌矿的陆续发现,贵州省地矿局启动了以铅锌资源评价和成矿规律研究为主的地质工作,目标是总结铅锌矿产出的地质特征和成矿规律。通过三年的研究认为,该区处扬子准地台、华南褶皱带和右江造山带交汇部位,受晚古生代初期发生的陆内裂谷活动影响,产生了一个与桂中台陷相连的大型沉积凹陷区—黔南台陷沉积区,形成了巨厚碳酸盐和碎屑岩沉积,产生了与裂陷盆地边缘同沉积断层活动有关的低温成矿作用,造成了在晚泥盆纪以前的地层中汞、锑、砷、金、铅锌等矿床沿同沉积断层密集分布。本文通过矿床特征总结和矿床成因探讨,建立了准同生沉积成矿作用模式,旨在为该区寻找这类矿床提供参考和借鉴作用。