南极两站X/L双频段遥感接收系统及研究应用

卫星遥感是南极研究的重要工具。2009年底和2010年初,我国南极长城、中山站的X/L双频段卫星遥感接收系统分别建成并投入使用,此系统可接收美国NASA的Terra和Aqua卫星的MODIS数据、NOAA系列卫星以及我国风云一号卫星的数据,实现了对南极地区天气、积雪、海冰以及南大洋海洋生态等的实时监测,并将在我国多个学科领域的南极研究中发挥重要作用。本文在说明了此卫星遥感接收系统的组成结构、运行方式和数据产品种类后,对此系统的使用情况做了一些介绍,对将使用此系统数据开展南极下降风、南极冰雪覆盖及反照率、南极大气和海洋数值模式等各领域的研究工作进行了初步探讨。     

Silicon limitation on primary production and its destiny in Jiaozhou Bay, China——Ⅳ：Study on cross-bay transect from estuary to ocean

The authors analyzed the data collected in the Ecological Station Jiaozhou Bay from May 1991 to November 1994, including 12 seasonal investigations, to determine the characteristics, dynamic cycles and variation trends of the silicate in the bay. The results indicated that the rivers around Jiaozhou Bay provided abundant supply of silicate to the bay. The silicate concentration there depended on river flow variation. The horizontal variation of silicate concentration on the transect showed that the silicate concentration decreased with distance from shorelines. The vertical variation of it showed that silicate sank and deposited on the sea bottom by phytoplankton uptake and death, and zooplankton excretion. In this way, silicon would endlessly be transferred from terrestrial sources to the sea bottom. The silicon took up by phytoplankton and by other biogeochemical processes led to insufficient silicon supply for phytoplankton growth. In this paper, a 2D dynamic model of river flow versus silicate concentration was established by which silicate concentrations of 0.028–0.062 μmol/L in seawater was yielded by inputting certain seasonal unit river flows (m³/s), or in other words, the silicate supply rate; and when the unit river flow was set to zero, meaning no river input, the silicate concentrations were between 0.05–0.69 μmol/L in the bay. In terms of the silicate supply rate, Jiaozhou Bay was divided into three parts. The division shows a given river flow could generate several different silicon levels in corresponding regions, so as to the silicon-limitation levels to the phytoplankton in these regions. Another dynamic model of river flow versus primary production was set up by which the phytoplankton primary production of 5.21–15.55 (mgC/m²·d)/(m³/s) were obtained in our case at unit river flow values via silicate concentration or primary production conversion rate. Similarly, the values of primary production of 121.98–195.33 (mgC/m²·d) were achieved at zero unit river flow condition. A primary production conversion rate reflects the sensitivity to silicon depletion so as to different phytoplankton primary production and silicon requirements by different phytoplankton assemblages in different marine areas. In addition, the authors differentiated two equations (Eqs. 1 and 2) in the models to obtain the river flow variation that determines the silicate concentration variation, and in turn, the variation of primary production. These results proved further that nutrient silicon is a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth. This study was funded by NSFC (No. 40036010), and the Director's Fund of the Beihai Sea Monitoring Center, the State Oceanic Administration.     

牛眠沟流域泥石流形成条件、发展趋势及其防治探讨

汶川地震使牛眠沟流域变成了一个多泥石流灾害的区域,到目前为止,已经发生7次大规模泥石流灾害。经研究,该流域诱发泥石流灾害的3个基本条件非常发育,而目前正处于发展阶段,在震后5~10年内的雨季,极易发生危害性较大、冲击力较强的大规模降雨型泥石流。如果考虑直接利用主沟内沉积的泥石流堆积物,在主沟堆积区的中上游左右两侧修建约为沟宽一半的交替式拦挡土石坝、在中下游修建与沟宽大致相等的拦挡土石坝及在相邻两坝间修建与沟向相对且具有一定坡度斜坡的土木防治工程,可实现消能与耗能双重目的。     

科尔沁沙地水域景观格局的时空动态——以奈曼旗为例

对位于科尔沁沙地腹地的奈曼旗近30 a来土地利用/覆被信息中水域类型的景观格局指数进行了时空组合分析。结果表明,大尺度研究区（8 135.15 km2）1975-1985年水体与湿地斑块的类型面积和数量增加,形状趋于复杂;1985-2005年斑块类型面积和数量大幅减少,形状趋于简单;中尺度研究区（892.74 km2）水体与湿地斑块的类型面积在波动中减小,湿地斑块数量减少和形状简单化的转折期相对较短且滞后于水体。小尺度研究区（110.42 km2）集中了人畜以及上游活动的干扰,水体与湿地斑块仅在个别时期出现,难以连续存在。在各尺度研究区内,河漫滩斑块类型面积变化趋势各异,数量和形状复杂程度都相对稳定;且随着研究区增大形状更加不规则。水域类型的景观格局虽然在不同时空上的动态过程存在差异性,但其发展方向具有相同趋势,发展过程受到气候波动和人类活动干扰的共同影响。     

重庆市主体功能区识别的主导因素与空间稳定性约束机理

主体功能区规划已上升为国家制度和战略,对中国长期空间发展格局优化与再组织将发挥积极的引导和约束作用。从地域性角度出发,探寻主体功能区发生性(形成与演化)和反馈性(识别与规划)时空机理与规律是地理学具有时代意义的重要科学问题。以重庆市为例,通过国土空间开发条件综合评价,识别了主体功能区划分的适宜性空间格局。基于对西南山区发展约束条件的基本认识,提出了地域主体功能空间分异的主导性约束假设,设定地形和区位为原生性主导因素,验证了其与区划指标系统的定量关联性,以此为基础解析了主导因素约束机理并提出了地域主体功能区的空间稳定性机制。研究发现:①开发与保护适宜性识别结果的格局指向清晰。城市化适宜的区域主要集中于都市区和部分周边区县,区域副中心(万州和黔江)适宜性也相对较高。生态保护适宜的区域集中于渝东北秦巴山区及部分三峡库区区县,同时包括渝东南武陵山区所在区县。②地形和区位因子在本区域对主体功能区的识别与形成具有主导约束作用。回归分析显示,主体功能区划指标与地形因子相关性水平达到显著的超过70%,区位因子超过40%;两者综合后与区划标志变量(A、B指数)的相线性相关拟合度R2均超过0.8;地理探测器发现,地形和区位因子对区划指标的约束性分别有9个和7个达到0.05显著性水平,对A、B指数的解释度分别约为70%和60%,两者叠加后,约束水平全部达到显著,对A、B指数的解释度在90%左右。③空间稳定性机制表现为两个方面,其一是基于主导因素约束的稳定性传递机制,称为客观稳定性;其二是基于指标体系的局域相对性和算法的内部抵消机制,称为主观稳定性。两种机制的协同性验证了区划技术系统的地域适应性和科学性。     

Stochastic generation of hourly rainstorm events

Occurrence of rainstorm events can be characterized by the number of events, storm duration, rainfall depth, inter-event time and temporal variation of rainfall within a rainstorm event. This paper presents a Monte-Carlo based stochastic hourly rainfall generation model considering correlated non-normal random rainstorm characteristics, as well as dependence of various rainstorm patterns on rainfall depth, duration, and season. The proposed model was verified by comparing the derived rainfall depth–duration–frequency relations from the simulated rainfall sequences with those from observed annual maximum rainfalls based on the hourly rainfall data at the Hong Kong Observatory over the period of 1884–1990. Through numerical experiments, the proposed model was found to be capable of capturing the essential statistical features of rainstorm characteristics and those of annual extreme rainstorm events according to the available data.     

我国铌矿资源供需形势分析

电子探针显微分析仪非常适合寻找铌、稀土等关键金属元素的赋存矿物以及分析其在矿物中的赋存形式。东昆仑大格勒地区首次发现了以铌为主的稀有和稀土矿化碳酸岩——碱性岩杂岩体,现有的工作仅局限于地表岩石组合及矿产特征调查。角闪石岩作为杂岩体的主体岩性,有不同程度的铌、稀土矿化显示,但是角闪石岩中铌、稀土元素赋存状态尚不明确。本文在光学显微镜岩相学研究的基础上,利用电子探针技术,对角闪石岩进行分析,主要对铌矿物和稀土矿物的类型、嵌布关系及化学成分等进行研究。应用偏光显微镜分析结果表明角闪石岩主要由角闪石、辉石、金云母/黑云母、磷灰石等矿物组成,并含有少量易解石。电子探针研究表明：①角闪石岩中铌元素主要赋存于铌易解石和含铌钛铁矿中,稀土元素主要赋存于褐帘石和铌易解石中,且均是富集轻稀土元素;②铌易解石中Nb₂O₅含量达42.98%～51.96%,La₂O₃平均含量为4.63%,Ce₂O₃平均含量为12.16%,矿物颗粒直径15～90μm不等,包含于角闪石晶体或角闪石与金云母晶间,局部与角闪石相互交生,与褐帘石、磷灰石连生;③含铌钛铁矿中Nb₂O₅平均含量为2.01%;④褐帘石中Ce₂O₃平均含量为10.73%,La₂O₃平均含量为9.89%,矿物颗粒直径10～40μm不等,主要分布于磷灰石边缘港湾、裂隙中,与磷灰石连生,并有相互交生的特点;⑤铌易解石、褐帘石等矿石矿物均赋存于含磷灰石金云母角闪石岩中。上述研究结合全岩化学分析,本文认为岩石中的铌矿物和稀土矿物主要由后期热液交代作用形成,空间上越靠近全岩矿化碳酸岩、橄榄岩的角闪石岩受后期热液交代作用更强,含矿性更好。

     

低碳盐湖提锂:高渗透选择性纳滤膜和正渗透膜材料

报道了联合基金项目“面向青海盐湖卤水锂提取过程强化的高性能中空纤维正渗透膜材料的设计研究”的最新进展。研究从吸附/解吸或稀释盐湖卤水出发,采用“纳滤－正渗透膜”耦合工艺纯化和浓缩Li+浓度至3 wt.%用于碳酸锂沉淀。研究重点是制备高渗透分离性能的层层自组装中空纤维纳滤膜和正渗透膜材料。通过基膜孔结构和物化性能与层层自组装纳滤膜性能和界面聚合正渗透膜性能之间的关系研究及系列技术攻关,已完成四寸中空纤维纳滤膜和正渗透膜的制备,技术指标达到项目指标。项目研究为青海盐湖锂提取提供了核心的分离和浓缩膜材料。     

农用地土壤中7种重金属可提取态的测定

该文以氯化钙溶液进行提取,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和原子荧光光谱法,测定农用地土壤中Cd,As,Pb,Cr,Cu,Zn,Ni等7种重金属可提取态,检出限在0.003~0.06 mg/kg之间。该方法用于4个可提取态质控样品的测定,测定值与推荐值基本相符,测定的相对标准偏差(n=8)在3.3%~9.1%之间。基于800余件农用地土壤样品的测定数据,对7种重金属可提取态与土壤pH值及重金属总量之间的关系进行了初步考察。结果表明,7个重金属可提取态和总量关系无明显相关性,仅在土壤酸性条件下可提取态Cd与总量Cd呈正相关性。7种重金属提取率大小顺序为Cd>Zn>Ni>Cu,As>Pb>Cr,其中Cd,Zn,Ni,Cu,Pb的提取率随土壤pH值的增大而迅速下降,而As,Cr在土壤碱性条件下的提取率略高于中酸性条件下的提取率。