East Asian monsoon instability at the stage 5a/4 transition

The physics involved in the abrupt climate changes of the late Quaternary have eluded paleoclimatologists for many years. More paleoclimatic records characteristic of different elements of the global climate system are needed for better understanding of the cause-feedback relationships in the system. The East Asian monsoon is an important part of the global climate system and the mechanical links between the East Asian monsoon and other climatic elements around the world may hold a key to our knowledge of abrupt climate changes in East Asia and probably over a larger part of the globe. Previous studies have detected millennial-scale winter monsoon oscillations during the last glaciation and probably also during the last interglaciation in loess sequences across China. However, less attention has been paid to the abrupt summer monsoon changes and the stage 5a/ 4 transition, an important period for the evolution of the East Asian monsoon when the global climate shifted towards the last glaciation. Here we report on two loess sections from eastern China which were dated using a thermoluminescence (TL) technique. The pedogenic and other sediment parameters suggest that the summer monsoon experienced a two-step abrupt retreat at the stage 5a/4 transition. The variations in the proxies for the winter monsoon are synchronized with the summer monsoon proxies during this brief interval, implying a direct and immediate link between high latitude and low latitude mechanisms. These changes may be correlated with similar climatic oscillations observed in the North Atlantic, Europe and Antarctica, raising the possibility that the forcing factors that induced these changes are global in extent.     

基于综合指标法的中国生态系统服务保护有效性评价研究

将生态系统服务保护纳入到传统的以保护区为基础的自然保护之中是生态保护研究的新领域。利用综合指标方法,分析了中国从2000-2010年的4种生态系统服务时空变化特征;并对中国的七大生态保护和恢复区域的服务空间保护成效进行评价,提出了国家尺度上的生态系统服务保护优先性分级。主要结论为：① 中国的生态系统服务自西北向东南逐渐增加,显著增加区主要分布在黄土高原地区,显著减少区主要分布在东北及华北地区。黄土高原的生态系统服务提高主要是农田向草地和林地、草地向林地的转换引的;华北地区的降低主要是耕地的减少以及人工用地的增加引起的;东北地区是由于林地向耕地草地、耕地向湿地与人工用地的转换引起的。② 七大生态保护和恢复区的生态系统服务均为增加趋势而且显著增加面积大于减少面积;显著增加面积最大的为三北防护林工程区、最小的为重点生态功能区;显著减少最大为重要生态功能区、最小的为三北防护林工程区。而且,对服务的保护成效在重要生态功能区最高,其次为天然林保护工程区,其余区域均小于全国平均水平。③ 提出的生态系统服务保护优先性等级中,极高级别占到了国土面积的26.18%,保护的生态系统服务量占到全国总量的64.19%,保护成效为全国平均水平的2.47倍。     

水产膨化饲料

本文综述了水产膨化饲料的优势、加工原理、膨化对营养素的影响、投喂技术和投喂海水养殖鱼类的试验结果.     

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)发酵培养基优化的研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验,对从山东东营海岸湿地盐碱滩地土壤中筛选出的一株海洋菌种———粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的发酵培养基进行优化,并进行100 L发酵罐中试放大试验的研究。确定粘质沙雷氏菌的最佳培养基配方为葡萄糖10 g/L,硫酸铵5 g/L,麸皮50 g/L,柠檬酸三钠1.0 g/L,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.3 g/L,FeSO4.7H2O 0.05 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5 g/L,pH 7.2~7.7。发酵最适温度为30℃。通过测定粘质沙雷氏菌在发酵罐中培养的生长曲线,确定发酵时间以28~30 h为宜,发酵结束后发酵液中的活菌数约为50×108个/mL。将所筛选到的粘质沙雷氏菌应用于农作物的病害防治,效果非常显著,表明是一株高活性的生物防治拮抗菌。此研究结果为高效率、低成本和工业化生产具有生物防治作用的海洋菌种制剂提供了科学依据,也为海岸湿地盐碱土的可持续开发利用提供了技术支撑。     

平武板状绿柱石{0001}晶面的溶蚀像特征与晶体生长

板状绿柱石产于花岗岩云英岩化边部或晶洞壁的白云母-钠长石-绿柱石-水晶的矿物组合中,钠长石呈自形晶,绿柱石的洁净度与透明度相对较差。晶体测量表明,晶体的单形晶面发育依次为c{0001}→s{11 2-1}→p{10 1-1}→m{10 1-0}→v{21 3-1}、n{45 9-4}、a{11 2-0}。微分干涉显微镜(DIC)及扫描电镜(SEM)研究表明:各单形晶面上生长纹(微形貌)反映面网结构的对称性,c{0001}单形晶面上的六边形溶蚀坑(50～170μm)是由平行晶体C轴的各单形晶面生长层从晶体中心向外叠堆组成,层生长机理制约晶体生长全过程,平行双面(c)的生长层较薄(5～8μm)且较稳定,六方双锥(s)生长层较厚且圆滑,六方柱(m)生长层由晶体中心往外其厚度由厚逐渐变薄(12～20μm),台间隔由窄变宽。晶体溶蚀是从面网密度最大的c{0001}开始,溶蚀面积依平行双面(c)、六方双锥(s)单形晶面由大变小,六方柱(a)、复六方双锥(v、n)单形晶面因面网密度小而未受到溶蚀。据矿物共生组合、流体包裹体均一法测量与拉曼光谱(LRS)分析表明板状绿柱石是在中–高温(303℃)、过饱和度较大、成矿介质的钠长石化发育且热动力环境相对稳定的条件下形成,气液包裹体主要由H2O、CO2及微量CH4、N2组成,CO2及微量CH4、N2可能与碳酸盐围岩有关。     

宁夏南部山区天然草场不同植被覆盖度的小气候特征比较

利用不同季节小气候加密观测和小气候常规观测资料,通过分析西吉月亮山禁牧草场和鸦儿湾荒地近地层气温、地温、风速、相对湿度等要素的差异和日变化特征,探讨了不同下垫面下小气候变化的趋势。结果表明:封山禁牧后,下垫面随之变化,会产生所谓的“绿岛效应”,尤其在植被生长旺盛的夏季,气温明显下降,空气湿度增大。说明封山禁牧这一措施对脆弱生态的恢复改造有明显的效果。     

2006～2007年福建沿岸海域石首鱼类资源量时空变化

基于2006～2007年福建沿岸海域4个航次的底拖网调查,分析了福建沿岸海域石首鱼科鱼类的资源现状.结果表明:4个航次共捕获石首鱼类16种,其中春季捕获石首鱼类10种,夏季和冬季均捕获14种,秋季捕获12种.不同航次捕获的石首鱼类占所有鱼类总渔获量的比例为10.43%～23.23%,平均15.71%.平均资源密度和平均个体密度分别为81.49 kg/km2和3 663.06 ind./km2.平均资源密度和平均个体密度均以秋季最高,分别为130.02 kg/km2和5 702.64 ind./km2.闽东沿岸海域、闽江口及其附近海域、闽中沿岸海域和厦门沿岸海域石首鱼类的全年平均资源密度分别为70.75、96.23、22.54和84.57 kg/km2.在各种石首鱼类中,叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)的资源密度和个体密度最大,其次是丁氏(Wak tingi).叫姑鱼的相对重要性指数最高,为871.01,仅叫姑鱼为优势种.与近20 a前的调查资料相比较,石首鱼类的渔获量占鱼类总渔获量的比例升高,但资源密度显著下降,必须采取措施,避免开发强度的继续增加,以利于其资源的可持续利用.     

基于VB和OpenGL的工业测量数据可视化技术研究

在工业测量领域中,由于测量对象千差万别,离散的测量数据很难进行描述和分析,而可视化技术能有效地克服这一缺点。本文研究了在VB平台上进行OpenGL图形开发的方法,实现了DXF文件的读取与显示、多种3维模型的绘制以及交互操作功能,为工业测量数据实现3维可视化分析提供了一个方便、快捷、高效的途径。     

Vegetation patterns and species–environment relationships in the Gurbantunggut Desert of China

The Gurbantunggut Desert is the largest stable and semi-stable sand desert in China, yet few data exist on vegetation pattern and species-environment relationships for these diverse desert landscapes. The sand dunes of the survey area are mainly of the longitudinal form from north to south, but checkerboard-shaped and honeycomb-shaped forms are also present, with the height of 10–50 m. We measured vegetation and soil data on north–south transects and compared them with vegetation and soil data on east–west transects. Analysis revealed that the varying trend and strength of the species diversity, dominance and cover of the plant communities in the longitudinal and transverse directions across the landscape are significantly different. The results of CCA ordination show that the microhabitats of soil organic matter (OM), soil salts (TS), sorting index (σ), topsoil water-content (SM) and pH relate to the differences in vegetation observed as differences in species assemblage from salt-intolerant ephemerals, micro-subshrubs and subshrubs to salt-tolerant shrubs and micro-arbors. The terrain (alt.) and soil texture (the contents of Mz and φ1) affect the spatial differentiation of many species. However, this spatial differentiation is not so marked on transects running longitudinally with the landscape, in the same direction as the dunes. The species of the desert vegetation have formed three assemblages under the action of habitat gradients, relating to three sections running transversely across the landscape, at right angles to the direction of the dune crests. In the mid-east section of the study area the topography is higher, with sand-lands or dune-slopes with coarse particles. Here the dominant vegetation comprises shrubs and subshrubs of Seriphidium santolium and Ephedra distachya, with large numbers of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants of Senecio subdentatus, and Carex physodes in spring and summer. On the soil of the dune-slopes in the mid-west of the study area, with coarse particles and abundant TK, the plant assemblage of Haloxylon persicum, Soranthus meyeri and Agriophyllum squarrosum is developed. The species composition in the east marginal belt of the study area has similar characteristics to the mid-west section. There is no corresponding section in the north–south transects (except for the north and south margins). This is because the habitats of most plants are located in the middle of the microhabitat gradients in the north–south direction in the desert.     

川藏公路地质灾害防御体系及防治对策研究

论文在分析川藏公路的自然与地质环境、水文地质、工程地质条件的基础上，研究了川藏公路沿线地质灾害形或发育的规律。提出地质灾害危险性评估有助于预防地质灾害。建设、设计、施工及监理等单位必须充分重视评估报告提出的防治建议．在公路基本建设各阶段，采取切实可行的措施防治地质灾害。在新构造运动频繁．河流下切强烈，地震活动强度及频度很高的地质背景下，川藏公路地质灾害的发生不可避免。利用计算机技术和信息高速公路．建立川藏公路统一的多功能信息处理与传递和灾害管理信息系统，是地质灾害防治的重要手段之一，也是一种趋势．只有达到信息快速传递，应急方案迅速启动，才能将地质灾害的损失降到最低。