新型珊瑚海水混凝土力学性能试验研究

为了解决全珊瑚海水混凝土(coral aggregate seawater concrete,简称CASC)的脆性问题,采用碱式硫酸镁水泥(basic magnesium sulfate cement,简称BMSC)为胶凝材料和剑麻纤维为增韧材料制备了一种新型全珊瑚海水混凝土(NCASC),系统测定了基本力学性能,并与普通硅酸盐水泥制备的CASC、碱式硫酸镁水泥砂石混凝土(basic magnesium sulfate cement concrete,简称BMSCC)、普通砂石混凝土(ordinary portland cement concrete,简称OPC)以及普通轻骨料混凝土(lightweight aggregate concrete,简称LAC)的力学性能进行对比。结果表明:立方体抗压强度(f_(cu),m)在15~35 MPa范围内的NCASC的轴心抗压强度(f_c,m)、劈裂抗拉强度(f_(sp),m)与f_(cu),m之间具有较显著的线性关系;对于f_(cu),m为15~35 MPa的混凝土,相同强度NCASC的f_c,m高于OPC、LAC及BMSCC,其f_c,m与f_(cu),m比值最大,大致在0.85~0.96之间,NCASC的f_(sp),m比OPC和LAC高,但比BMSCC低,且随着强度的提高,OPC与NCASC的f_(sp),m间的差距在增大,而LAC和BMSCC与NCASC的f_(sp),m间的差距在缩小;在强度等级C15~C55的范围中,NCASC和CASC的f_(sp),m、f_c,m与f_(cu),m之间的关系基本可以采用相同的线性回归方程来描述,利用这两个回归线性方程得到对应于标准强度等级的CASC和NCASC的f_(sp),m和f_c,m数据,为CASC力学性能研究与结构设计提供参考依据。     

三种海产帘蛤目贝类的核型研究

以大竹蛏、紫石房蛤和中国蛤蜊的鳃组织为材料,经注射植物血球凝集素和秋水仙素处理,低渗作用后,采用滴片法和压片法制片,对3种贝的核型进行了研究.结果表明,3种贝类的二倍体染色体数均为38条,大竹蛏的核型为26m+6sm+2st+4t,NF=0;紫石房蛤的核型为32m+2sm+4st/t,NF=2;中国蛤蜊的核型为20m+16sm+2st/t,NF=4.在3种贝类的染色体中均未发现随体及性染色体.     

产壳聚糖酶菌株选育及培养条件优化

以假单胞菌Y8．0为出发菌株,分别通过亚硝基胍(NTG),Co^60,UV(紫外)诱变,采用透明圈法筛选,获得了产壳聚糖酶较好的突变菌株假单胞菌Y8,其所产酶活力达到3．0U／mL,酶活力提高近6倍,并具有较好的遗传稳定性。3种诱变方法中,UV诱变效果最好。对假单胞菌Y8产壳聚糖酶培养条件进行研究,得到1个比较优化的培养条件为：pH值6．5,温度32℃,壳聚糖3g／L,酵母膏0．3％,培养时间3d。不同金属离子及不同诱导物对酶合成的影响表明：Fe^2 ,Mg^2 激活作用显著。而Zn^2 ,Mn^2 则具有一定的抑制作用,壳聚糖和氨基葡萄糖对壳聚糖酶的产生都有较好的诱导作用。     

桑沟湾扇贝养殖对甲藻数量的影响

研究了1983-1984年和1999-2000年桑沟湾的扇贝养殖区内、外甲藻密度的变化。结果表明：扇贝养殖区内甲藻细胞的绝对密度和相对密度均低于养殖区外;在扇贝存养生物量高且摄食活跃的8月,扇贝养殖区内浮游植物的主要优势种也由甲藻变为硅藻。这表明桑沟湾的扇贝养殖对于甲藻的密度有一定的控制作用。     

Ice-Induced Fatigue Analysis by Spectral Approach for Offshore Jacket Platforms with Ice-Breaking Cones

The spectral methods and ice-induced fatigue analysis are discussed based on Miner's linear cumulative fatigue hypothesis and S-N curve data.According to the long-term data of full-scale tests on the platforms in the Bohai Sea,the ice force spectrum of conical structures and the fatigue environmental model are established.Moreover,the finite element model of JZ20-2MSW platform,an example of ice-induced fatigue analysis,is built with ANSYS software.The mode analysis and dynamic analysis in frequency domain under all kinds of ice fatigue work conditions are carried on,and the fatigue life of the structure is estimated in detail.The methods in this paper can be helpful in ice-induced fatigue analysis of ice-resistant platforms.     

The influence of Stokes drift on oil spills: Sanchi oil spill case

Spilled oil floats and travels across the water’s surface under the influence of wind, currents, and wave action. Wave-induced Stokes drift is an important physical process that can affect surface water particles but that is currently absent from oil spill analyses. In this study, two methods are applied to determine the velocity of Stokes drift, the first calculates velocity from the wind-related formula based upon a one-dimensional frequency spectrum, while the second determines velocity directly from the wave model that was based on a two-dimensional spectrum. The experimental results of numerous models indicated that: (1) oil simulations that include the influence of Stokes drift are more accurate than that those do not; (2) for medium and long-term simulations longer than two days or more, Stokes drift is a significant factor that should not be ignored, and its magnitude can reach about 2% of the wind speed; (3) the velocity of Stokes drift is related to the wind but is not linear. Therefore, Stokes drift cannot simply be replaced or substituted by simply increasing the wind drift factor, which can cause errors in oil spill projections; (4) the Stokes drift velocity obtained from the two-dimensional wave spectrum makes the oil spill simulation more accurate.     

越冬对池塘专养模式下中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)机体形态、血清生化、脏器相关功能酶活力及肌肉和裙边物性的影响

水生动物往往会通过调整自身生理生化特征而形成各自固有的越冬生存适应对策,因此,深入探究越冬对具有冬眠习性的目标水产养殖动物机体生理状况的影响过程与机制,对指导其安全养殖具重要参考价值。以池塘专养模式下2⁺龄中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)同生群个体为研究对象,从机体形态、血清生化、脏器相关功能酶活力和肌肉与裙边物性等四个维度开展了中华鳖越冬前后生理生化特征的差异研究,以进一步了解越冬对中华鳖生理生化的影响特征。结果表明:(1)越冬期间实验中华鳖总体上呈现较明显的生长态势,所测30项体尺性状和12项质量性状测定值间的差异相似性分别为46.7%和8.3%;(2)所测16项血清生化指标中,越冬后显著降低的为TG等5项(P<0.05),显著增加的为TP等4项(P<0.05),无显著差异的为GLB等7项(P>0.05);(3)所测8项脏器酶学指标中,越冬后酶活力显著下降的为肝脏CAT、POD和脂肪酶(P<0.05),显著升高的为胃蛋白酶等相关酶指标(P<0.05);(4)所测7项物性指标中,越冬后裙边弹性和咀嚼性均显著增加(P<0.05),其余为下降或无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明越冬为引起肝脏功能发生正常切换的重要时期,但不会引起心肝功能产生实质性改变。研究结果可为中华鳖越冬生理生态学研究和池养中华鳖越冬管理技术体系构建提供基础资料。     

基于高通量测序的象山港水域细菌多样性的研究

象山港位于浙江省宁波市东南部沿海,属于半封闭式海湾,是以海水养殖区和海洋牧场示范区为主的重要多功能水域,近年来生态环境问题日益突出。为研究象山港海域在早春低水温环境中细菌的多样性,通过高通量测序方法对3月份的象山港水域进行检测。沿象山港南部海湾随机选取6个取样点(G04,G06,G08,G09,G011,G012),共检出836属和2 166种细菌,隶属33个门、91纲、186目和352科。其中优势细菌类群主要包括变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)。变形菌门在G04中占比最高(91.45%),拟杆菌门在G09中占比最高(18.05%);而放线菌门在G12中占比最高(7.95%)。在经度较高且离海岸较远的水域,细菌丰富度也越高;同时随着取样位点纬度的增加,γ-变形菌丰度逐步增高,其中在G04中最高(72.76%),在G12中最低(29.11%)。各取样点的细菌分离培养结果也表明弧菌属丰度较高,且主要集中在G04中。利用高通量测序方法揭示了象山港早春全水域的细菌结构组成框架图,可为象山港的水产养殖和可持续发展提供参考依据。     

气候变化中海洋和冰冻圈的变化、影响及风险

本文系统梳理了IPCC 《气候变化中的海洋和冰冻圈特别报告》(SROCC)的主要结论,并对主要观点进行了解读。报告主要关注全球变暖背景下高山、极地、海洋和沿海地区现在和未来的变化及其对人类和生态系统的影响,以及实现气候适应发展路径的方案。在全球变暖背景下,冰冻圈大面积萎缩,冰川冰盖质量损失,积雪减少,北极海冰范围和厚度减小,多年冻土升温,全球海洋持续增温,1993年以来,海洋变暖和吸热速度增加了一倍以上。同时,海洋表面酸化加剧,海洋含氧量减少。全球平均海平面呈加速上升趋势,2006—2015年全球海平面上升速率为3.6 mm/yr,是1901—1990年的2.5倍,但存在区域差异。高山、极地和海洋的生态系统的物种组成、分布和服务功能均发生变化,并对人类社会产生了显著负面影响。极端海洋气候事件发生频率增多,强度加大。1982年以来,全球范围内海洋热浪的发生频率增加了一倍,且范围更广,持续时间更长。海平面持续上升加剧了洪涝、海水入侵、海岸侵蚀等海岸带灾害,并影响沿海生态系统。海洋及冰冻圈的变化及其影响在未来一定时期仍将持续,应对这些影响而面临的挑战,应加强基于生态系统的适应和可再生能源管理,强化海岸带地区的海平面上升综合应对,打造积极有效、可持续和具有韧性的气候变化应对方案。     

Environmental impact of fluidized solidified silt casting on surrounding water bodies

Abstract

With the growing demand for underwater refill engineering, the construction technology of implementing fluidized solidification in underwater pouring has recently received increased attention. However, the environmental impact of underwater casting on surrounding water bodies, especially when the silt is polluted, is still unclear. In this study, a simulated underwater pouring test and a static immersion release test were conducted separately to study the quality of the surrounding water during and after pouring. The results showed that fluidized-solidified silt casting could increase the pH of the surrounding water, even after the pouring had stopped, by approximately 1.0 and the turbidity could reach 200 NTU. No diffusion of Zn and Cu into the surrounding water was observed and while Ni and Cr exhibited slight diffusion, this was at a level well below international water quality standard. During construction, reducing the distance from the seafloor to the bottom of the pouring catheter could reduce the level of pollution. After construction, the use of neutral solidified materials can effectively reduce the pH of the surrounding water and the potential risk of heavy metal dissolution.