预应力锚索修复含微裂纹抗滑桩模型试验研究

施加预应力锚索是修复含微裂纹抗滑桩最重要的手段之一。为了探讨施加预应力锚索修复含微裂纹抗滑桩的可行性以及修复过程中抗滑桩变形破坏特征,采用大型物理模型试验对预应力锚索修复含微裂纹抗滑桩进行了研究。试验结果表明,施加预应力锚索修复含微裂纹抗滑桩可提高抗滑桩承载储备能力;滑坡荷载-桩顶位移曲线可分为挤密、线弹性变形与破坏3个阶段;滑坡荷载下桩体在滑面附近位置发生破坏,破坏具有突发性;预应力荷载下抗滑桩在锚索孔位置产生拉破坏,并伴随滑面位置裂纹的扩展;滑坡荷载下桩后土压力呈三角形分布,施加预应力荷载后土压力呈倒梯形分布;锚索预应力的施加降低了弯矩峰值,但最大弯矩位置向锚索孔位置以及滑面附近位置转移,该2处位置是采用预应力锚索修复抗滑桩的薄弱部位。研究成果对于预应力锚索修复含微裂纹抗滑桩技术的推广应用以及抗滑桩修复工程的设计具有指导意义。     

黄河小浪底水库水沙调控与流域硫循环

陆地风化的硫酸盐(SO42?)通过河流体系输入海洋,其通量以及硫酸盐同位素组成(δ34SSO4和 δ18OSO4)对全球硫循环及海洋SO42?同位素组成至关重要.河流体系SO42?含量及δ34SSO4和δ18OSO4组成不但受SO42?来源控制,而且受河流内部硫酸盐细菌还原及氧化过程影响,但其影响程度仍不明确,特别是拦...     

Hydrocarbon generation characteristics and exploration prospects of Proterozoic source rocks in China

A large number of primary oil and gas reservoirs have been discovered in Proterozoic strata all over the globe.Proterozoic sequences are widely distributed in China, and the discovery of large Sinian-aged gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Mesoproterozoic liquid oil seepages in North China shows that attention should be paid to the exploration potential of Proterozoic strata. In this paper, the main controlling factors of Proterozoic source rocks are discussed. Principally, active atmospheric circulation and astronomical cycles may have driven intense upwelling and runoff to provide nutrients; oxygenated oceanic surface waters could have provided suitable environments for the organisms to thrive; volcanic activity and terrestrial weathering caused by continental break-up would have injected large amounts of nutrients into the ocean, leading to persistent blooms of marine organisms; and extensive anoxic deep waters may have created ideal conditions for the preservation of organic matter. Additionally, the appearance of eukaryotes resulted in diversified hydrocarbon parent material, which effectively improved the generation potential for oil and gas. Through the comparison of Formations across different cratons, seven sets of Proterozoic organic-rich source rocks have been recognized in China, which mainly developed during interglacial periods and are also comparable worldwide. The Hongshuizhuang and Xiamaling Formations in North China have already been identified previously as Mesoproterozoic source rocks. The early Proterozoic Changchengian System is highly promising as a potential source rock in the Ordos Basin. In the Upper Yangtze area, the Neoproterozoic Datangpo and Doushantuo Formations are extensively distributed, and represent the major source rocks for Sinian gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. Moreover, the Nanhuan System may contain abundant shales with high organic matter contents in the Tarim Basin, although this possibility still needs to be verified. Indeed, all three cratons may contain source rocks of Proterozoic strata; thus, these strata represent major exploration targets worthy of great attention.     

短时间尺度下旅游洞穴空气环境自净能力研究——以绥阳大风洞为例

在2017年9月30日-10月9日对贵州绥阳大风洞洞内的温度、湿度、CO2浓度和洞外的温度、湿度、降雨量等指标进行为期10天的连续自动监测,并结合监测期内游客量和当地降雨情况,利用数理统计方法进行分析,结果发现:洞穴空气环境的自净能力主要取决于洞内气流交换的强弱程度,尤其是在极端天气(主要指夏秋季降雨)下,洞外温度降低,促使通风模式发生转变,进而增强了洞内外气流的交换,提高了洞穴环境的自净能力。但洞穴空气环境的自净能力是有限度的,除温度、湿度外,当游客产生的CO2浓度超过洞穴空气环境的自净能力阈值时,洞内CO2会出现累积效应;反之,洞内CO2浓度又回归至洞穴环境背景值。同时,洞穴空气环境的自净能力反应时间也会因洞腔体积、洞道结构等的不同而有所差异,大风洞1#、2#、3#监测点的自净能力反应时间分别为15 h、18 h、20 h。      

Spatio-temporal variation in rock exhumation linked to large-scale shear zones in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Crustal-scale shear zones are believed to have played an important role in the tectonic and landscape evolution of orogens. However, the variation of long-term rock exhumation between the interior of shear zones and adjacent regions has not been documented in detail. In this study, we obtained new zircon U-Pb, biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar, zircon and apatite(U-Th)/He data, and conducted inverse thermal history modeling from two age-elevation profiles(the Pianma and Tu'er profiles) in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Our goal is to constrain the exhumation history of the Gaoligong and Chongshan shear zones and adjacent regions, so as to explore the effect of the shear zones on exhumation and their thermal effect on cooling that should not be ignored. Our results suggest that during the interval of 18–11 Ma the exhumation rates of rocks within the Gaoligong shear zone are anomalously high compared with those outside of. The rapid cooling during 18–11 Ma appears to be restricted to the shear zone, likely due to localized thermal effects of shearing and exhumation. After 11 Ma, both the areas within and outside of the shear zones experienced a similar two-stage exhumation history: slower cooling until the early Pliocene, and then a rapid increase in cooling rate since the early Pliocene. Our results indicate a synchronized exhumation but with spatially varied exhumation rates. Our study also highlights the important role of large-scale shear zones in exposing rocks, and thus the importance of the structural context when interpreting thermochronological data in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.     

高分六号影像在内陆水体叶绿素a反演中的应用潜力分析

GF-6 WFV影像具有宽覆盖、高时空分辨率、高光谱分辨率等特点,目前在农业和林业遥感领域都有一定应用,但是在水质遥感中的应用潜力还缺乏系统的评估。本文以潘家口和大黑汀水库为研究区,采用2019年9月24—25日获取的潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度、实测遥感反射率和准同步GF-6 WFV影像,构建了潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度经验反演模型,探索GF-6 WFV在内陆水体叶绿素a浓度遥感监测中的应用潜力。研究结果表明,基于GF-6 WFV模拟光谱构建的潘家口和大黑汀水库叶绿素a浓度经验模型决定系数均在0.90以上,GF-6 WFV影像在水体叶绿素a遥感监测中具有应用潜力,尤其是新增的黄波段和红边波段1,有助于提高GF-6 WFV影像叶绿素a浓度遥感监测能力;GF-6 WFV影像大气校正误差降低了叶绿素a浓度遥感监测精度,GF-6 WFV影像水体大气校正精度有待改进,以提升GF-6 WFV影像水质遥感监测能力。     

长江上游流域降水结构时空演变特性

为研究气候变化和人类活动背景下的长江上游流域降水结构时空分布特性,利用长江上游流域67个气象站点1961—2005年45年的日降水资料,分析了各种不同历时连续降水的时空演变特征。通过Trend Free Pre-Whitening方法消除降水时间序列中的自相关成分,利用非参数的Mann-Kendall法检验了降水结构的变化趋势。结果表明:① 长江上游流域及各分区各历时降水发生率随降水历时增加呈指数递减趋势,贡献率先增加后降低,以短历时降水为主;② 长江上游短历时（1 d和2 d）降水贡献率发生突变的时间在1976年,长历时（6 d和10 d）降水发生率发生突变的时间为1984年,贡献率发生突变的时间为1999年;③ 长江上游短历时降水集中出现的次数增加,降水强度增大,降水量占总降水量的比例较大,而长历时降水出现频次降低,降水量占总降水量比例下降,其中岷沱江流域、大渡河流域、长江干流区间通过了显著性检验。     

基于INTERNET的"南京大气科学信息中心"系统的设计与实现

介绍了在Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ环境下,基于Ｗｅｂ和数据库技术的“南京大气科学信息中心”系统的设计思想,系统功能设计及实现方法。     

数值预报产品对寒潮天气过程的预报能力检验

2008年冬季,河北省连续3次出现了大范围的寒潮天气过程,为近10 a来之最。特别是2008年12月3～5日为历史同期最严重的一次寒潮天气过程。从3次过程的大气环流特征、冷空气强度及影响路径、要素特征等方面分析比较T213和欧洲数值预报产品(EC)与实况的异同,检验不同数值预报产品对寒潮天气过程的预报能力,为以后更准确地预报寒潮天气提供一定的参考依据。分析结果表明:T213和EC数值预报产品都能预报出寒潮爆发的典型特征,而T213具有更高的时空密度,对提高寒潮天气的精细化预报水平有更大帮助。     

Decreased takeoff performance of aircraft due to climate change

Climate change will likely affect aviation; however, it is not well understood. In particular, the effects of climate change on aircraft’s takeoff performance have seldom been studied. Here, we explore the effects of climate change on the takeoff performance of aircraft, including takeoff distance and climb rate. Takeoff performance normally decreases as temperature and pressure altitude increase. Our study confirms an increasing trend of temperature at 30 major international airports. However, the trend of pressure altitude is shown to be either positive or negative at these airports. Such changes of temperature and pressure altitude lead to longer takeoff distance and lower climb rate in the following century. The average takeoff distance in summer will increase by 0.95–6.5% and 1.6–11% from the historical period (1976–2005) to the mid-century (2021–2050) and from the mid- to late-century (2071–2100). The climb rate in summer will decrease by 0.68–3.4% and 1.3–5.2% from the history to the mid-century and from the mid- to late-century, respectively. Taking Boeing 737-800 aircraft as an example, our results show that it will require additional 3.5–168.7 m takeoff distance in future summers, with variations among different airports.