DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION——A Comparative Study Between Huizhou City and Zhaoqing City

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＢｏｔｈｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｒｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｏｎｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｔｏｔｈｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｔｈｅｙｒｅｆｅｒｔｏ．Ｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆａｃｅｒｔａｉｎａｒｅａ（ｏｒａｃｅｒｔａｉｎｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ）ｉｓｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｙｔｈｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇａｒｅａｓ（ｏｒａｎｏｔｈｅｒｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ）．Ｔｈｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ,ｗａｔｅｒｂｏｄｉｅｓａｎｄｓｏｉｌｏｎｔ…     

Degradation of natural resources by environmental pollution

Compared the total agricultural production (TAP) of the 5 counties in Huizhou City with that of the corresponding 5 counties in Zhaoqing City during the period from 1980 to 1996, it can be seen that the TAP growth rate of the 5 counties in Huizhou City had been a little higher than that of the 5 corresponding counties in Zhaoqing City before 1983, but has been becoming lower than the latter since 1984, and the agricultural production in Huizhou City has been gradually becoming lag behind that in Zhaoqing City since then. The TAP loss in Huizhou City kept above 3×10⁸ yuan every year since 1986. Detailed investigation shows that the acid rain caused by the atmospheric pollution may be the main cause for the lower productivity of the land in Huizhou City. The atmospheric pollution arisen from rapid and extensive development of the economy in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region has already greatly reduced the load capacity of the natural resources in Huizhou City and severely affected the sustainable development of the region.     

Adaptive evolution of the rural human–environment system in farming and pastoral areas of northern China from 1952–2017

The theory on the cyclic adaptation between society and ecosystems sheds new light on the evolution and internal structure of human–environment systems. This paper introduces the risk index(RI) and adaptation capacity index(ACI) to evaluate the rural human–environment system. An evaluation index system for the adaptability of rural human–environment systems is configured in the context of climate change and policy implementation. On this basis, the stages, features, dominant control factors, and evolution mechanism were examined vis-à-vis the adaptability of the rural human–environment system in Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner from 1952 to 2017. The main results are as follows:(1) The evolution of the rural human–environment system can be divided into three stages, namely, the reorganization and rapid development stage(1952–2002) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland increasing by 260%, 13%, 134% and 16.33%, respectively. The rapid to stable development stage(2003–2010) with population increasing by 2.8%; cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.3%, 13.6% and 10.7%, respectively. The stable to release stage(2011–2017) with population, cultivated land, livestock and degraded grassland decreasing by 2.6%, 0.2%, 10.6% and 3.8%, respectively.(2) With the passage of time, the ACI of the rural human–environment system first increased slightly(–0.016–0.031), followed by a slight decline(0.031–0.003), and culminating in a rapid increase(0.003–0.088). In terms of spatial patterns, adaptability is high in the middle, moderate in the north, and low in the south.(3) The evolution of adaptability in the rural human–environment system was mainly controlled by the per capita effective irrigation area(22.31%) and the per capita number of livestock(23.47%) from 1990 to 2000, the desertified area(25.06%) and the land use intensity(21.27%) from 2000 to 2005, and the per capita income of farmers and herdsmen(20.08%) and the per capita number of livestock(18.52%) from 2010 to 2007.(4) Under the effects of climate change and policy interventions, the cyclic adaptation of the rural human–environment system was propelled by the interactions between two kinds of subjects: farmers and herdsmen on the one hand and rural communities on the other hand. The interaction affects the adaptive behavior of the two kinds of subjects, which in turn drives the cyclic evolution of the system. As a result, the system structure and functions developed alternatively between coordinated and uncoordinated states. Small-scale adaptive behaviors of farmers and herdsmen have a profound impact on the evolution of the rural human–environment system.     

高风速相干结构对通量输送影响的实验研究

切变湍流的相干结构是湍流研究中的重大发现,它表明湍流运动并非完全随机,其中具有可检测的有序结构.本文通过处理南京浦口地区大气边界层观测数据,来分析不稳定层结中高风速相干结构特征.本次观测项目包括对场地中央的气象铁塔上2 m和40 m高度上超声风速仪的脉动速度、温度测量以及风廓线雷达对边界层风速廓线的测量.对超声水平风速时间序列数据进行小波变换 (时间尺度400 s),通过阈值来识别这种高风速相干结构.与多普勒风廓线雷达测量结果对比后发现,这种方法确定的相干结构符合常规的认识,具有较长的时间尺度和较大的垂直尺度 (接近边界层厚度).分析三天相干结构特性得到无量纲空间间隔约为6,即每隔6个边界层厚度的水平位置出现一个高速相干结构.通过与垂直风速小波系数的比较,发现高风速相干结构与向下垂直风速之间有较好相关,这与湍流中 “阵风” 现象的研究结论相似.使用四象限分析方法分类得到两种动量通量输送为负的运动:较小水平风速的上扬 (ejection) 运动 (简称为上扬运动) 和较大水平风速的下扫 (sweep) 运动 (简称为下扫运动),这两种运动在整个湍流活动中处于主导地位.高风速相干结构通过促进下扫运动和抑制上扬运动来影响动量通量的输送.     

数字逻辑理论及其在气象预报集成中的应用

以数字逻辑理论为基础，采用逻辑电路设计方法，对二级（0，1）气象要素预报多种方法进行预报集成尝式，效果令人满意。该方法理论依据充分，计算简单，易于编程，为预报集成开辟了一条新的途径。     

台风苏迪罗登陆次日分散性暴雨成因及预报着眼点

利用常规气象观测,卫星、雷达资料,数值模式和中央气象台定量降水预报数据以及FNL分析数据等对台风苏迪罗的定量降水预报进行检验,探讨台风登陆次日分散性暴雨成因和预报着眼点。苏迪罗登陆次日,暴雨分布相对较分散,各家数值模式对其把握均较差。NMC的24 h定量降水预报虽在模式基础上有较好订正,但仍存在明显的暴雨空、漏报现象:暴雨落区预报较实况偏南,导致南侧空报、北侧漏报。受环境场和台风非对称结构影响,强降水产生的有利动力、水汽条件均位于台风北侧和东部沿海地区。台风东北象限对流层低层存在两条强辐合带,其间为降水较弱的弱辐散和下沉运动区。预报员对台风结构的非对称性及风场的非均匀性把握不足,对台风中心附近和两条辐合带间的弱降水区预报偏强,造成暴雨空报。在地形作用下,浙江沿海不断有强降水产生,随后沿切线方向发展为螺旋雨带并逐渐北扩。预报员对地形不断强迫作用下降水沿螺旋雨带的发展及向外围的扩散没有预期,导致浙江北部暴雨漏报。台风登陆次日分散性暴雨的预报着眼点包括:台风非对称性、风场非均匀性、螺旋雨带发展及地形作用等。非对称性影响较大尺度的降水落区;低层风场非均匀的辐合带及急流分布则引起螺旋雨带的发展、演变,决定了台风的精细强降水落区。除地形对局地降水具有增幅作用外,强降水沿螺旋雨带的发展还会对下游地区产生影响。     

EOS/MODIS数据在甘蔗寒害监测评估中的应用

利用250 m分辨率的EOS/MODIS数据,采用植被状况指数法,以广西甘蔗种植区为例,研究应用遥感方法进行甘蔗寒害监测评估的技术方法。在通过使用地理信息数据,结合GPS测定的甘蔗训练样本区,应用EOS/MO—DIS数据获取了广西甘蔗种植区域的基础上,根据甘蔗遭受寒害后叶绿素减少,从而导致归一化植被指数值发生变化的原理,建立甘蔗寒害遥感监测评估模型和产品制作流程。对2008年初广西甘蔗寒害的空间分布及其灾害面积进行监测评估,监测评估结果与灾情调查实况一致,重寒害区主要出现在广西北部和中部的甘蔗种植区,东南部、沿海地区及右江河谷的甘蔗区寒害相对较轻,灾害面积测算误差小于5%,结果表明:应用EOS/MODIS数据开展甘蔗寒害的空间分布及灾害面积的监测评估,能较好地满足业务需求。     

5A分子筛吸附混合溶剂洗脱-气相色谱-同位素质谱分析土壤中正构烷烃单体碳同位素

利用5A分子筛吸附,环己烷-正戊烷混合溶剂洗脱分离富集正构烷烃,用气相色谱法测定正构烷烃含量,气相色谱-气体同位素质谱(GC-C-IRMS)测定土壤样品中正构烷烃单体碳同位素。实验优化了5A分子筛用量和洗脱剂的比例,需要络合的正构烷烃的量与分子筛加入量呈线性关系,络合x mg的正构烷烃,需加入2.75x g分子筛,络合环己烷-正戊烷最佳比例为9∶91。探讨了络合过程中5A分子筛对不同链长正构烷烃的络合规律,短链正构烷烃被5A分子筛优先吸附,长链正构烷烃的络合相对滞后。正构烷烃的络合洗脱回收率为44%～72%,精密度(RSD,n=6)为4%～8%;正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析精度为0.04‰～0.38‰(1σ)。采用5A分子筛净化混合溶剂洗脱方法,分析加油站附近的实际土壤样品,未分峰基本消除,获得良好的净化效果,满足正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析的要求。     

扬子克拉通北西缘碧口群的解体与地层划分

碧口群组成十分复杂,论述了对其解体的必要性;解体出了包括鱼洞子花岗绿岩地体周缘的稳定陆缘沉积建造,扬子地台北西缘古元古代间裂谷型火山－沉积建造,中元古代洋壳残生及深海沉积物和新元古代的火山弧前盆地堆积,新元古代的残留地中海式堆积以造山后的山间盆地堆积等众多不同性质的构造地层单元;并对其形成过程作了初步讨论。