Camptotheca acuminata decne residue after camptothecin extract as a substrate to produce mushroom spawn

Currently in China,no technically and economically viable methods exist to handle large quantities of Camptotheca acuminata Decne residue(CA residue) after camptothecin extract while there is a great demand for low cost alternatives to replace the cottonseed hull-based materials used in commercial mushroom culture.Hence,it is of importance for camptothecin extract factories and mushroom producers to explore the utilization of CA residue in mushroom industry.We conducted a research to study how partially or completely substituting traditional mushroom substrate by CA residue would influence the mycelial growth in mushroom spawn production.5 mushroom strains from 4 species were used in the test,i.e.,oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatu) strains,Zayou No.1 and Xide 33,needle mushroom(Flammulina velutipes) strain Chuanjin No.3,hairy wood ear(Auricularia polytricha) strain Huang Er No.10,and shiitake(Lentinula edodes) strain Wuxiang.The nutrient element composition and heavy metal contents of CA residue were determined to ensure its safety and to determine its appropriate component in the substrate formulation for mushroom spawn production.The four substrate formulations(one control-CK,and three treatments,named,T1,T2,T3,) contained 0%,40%,79%,and 100% CA residue,respectively,to allow comparison of the fungal mycelial growth.The control(CK) was the popularly used formulation in Chinese commercial mushroom production,comprising of 73% cottonseed hulls,10% sawdust,15% wheat bran,1% lime,1% white sugar(percentage by weight).All mushroom spawns of the five strains in the four treatments were incubated under the same conditions.The results showed that mycelia of the five mushroom strains grew significantly faster on the substrates containing CA residue than on the substrate with no CA residue(CK).There were no significant differences in the mycelial growth rate among treatments containing CA residue for the two oyster mushrooms and the needle mushroom,but mycelial growth rate in treatments T2 and T3 was significantly higher than in treatment T1 for hairy wood ear and shiitake.The results suggest that CA residue can be used to culture oyster mushroom,needle mushroom,hairy wood ear,and shiitake spawn,and the medium containing CA residue can stimulate their mycelial growth.The commercial production of mushroom spawn using CA residue not only brings better economical benefits including lower cost to mushroom producers,but also reduces environmental pollution by providing a means to reduce dumping and piling of CA residue.     

基于X-CT 技术的韩城示范区煤储层精细描述

X射线层析扫描(X-CT)技术具有无损分析岩石内部结构特征的优点。应用该项技术,重构了韩城示范区煤样内部孔隙、裂隙和矿物的空间分布格架与形态。结果表明,煤样的CT像素频数存在两个峰值区间,分别表征孔隙-裂隙和矿物的发育特征。当孔隙、裂隙发育较好时,该峰左偏;矿物含量较高时,矿物峰右偏或峰值区间变宽。CT孔隙度、矿物含量与CT数有较好的相关性,CT孔隙度与氦气孔隙度显著正相关。通过煤样三维重构的三维表面蒙皮和三维立体模型,可以清楚地识别煤中孔隙、裂隙及矿物的空间形态特征和连通性。     

Does the Amati Relation depend on the Luminosity of the GRB＇s Host Galaxy？

In order to test the systematics of the Amati relation, 24 long-duration GRBs with available Eγ,iso, and Ep are separated into two subgroups according to the B-band luminosity of their host galaxies. The Amati relations in the two subgroups are found to be in agreement with each other within the uncertainties. Taking into account of the well established luminosity-metallicity relation of galaxies, no strong evolution of the Amati relation with the GRB's environmental metallicity is implied in this study.     

Size-based analysis for the state and heterogeneity of pelagic ecosystems in the northern South China Sea

Analyzing and evaluating the state and heterogeneity of ecosystems are required for ecosystem-based management. The abundance size spectrum is a promising approach for evaluating pelagic ecosystems. To analyze the heterogeneity of pelagic ecosystems in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) in summer, a simplified abundance size spectrum (SASS) was proposed. Picophytoplankton (0.2–2 μm), microphytoplankton (10–160 μm), mesozooplankton (160–2000 μm), and macrozooplankton (505–8,000 μm) were sampled in the NSCS in August 2007, and used to build the SASS. On the basis of the SASS parameters, spatial heterogeneity in pelagic ecosystems was detected, and the study waters were distinctly categorized into the river plume or upwelling-affected area and its adjacent coastal area, the deepwater area, area near the Luzon Strait, and the offshore shelf area. Contrasts of SASS parameters between the eastern and western pelagic ecosystems out of the Pear River estuary demonstrate the fast ecosystem response to the spreading of the Pearl River plume. These results indicate that the SASS could be a good indicator for the state of pelagic ecosystems in the NSCS. In addition, the SASS approach is easily available and labor- and time-saving, thus the SASS could be a useful tool for monitoring and evaluating the state of pelagic ecosystems and their responses to perturbations.     

Seismic activity recorded by a single OBS/H near the active Longqi hydrothermal vent at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (49°39′ E)

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we describe the results of a first pilot experiment of passive seismic monitoring near the active Longqi hydrothermal vent at the Southwest Indian Ridge during Chinese cruise DY115-30. During 102-day experiment, we recorded over 2,000 seismic events on a single ocean bottom seismometer with hydrophone close to the hydrothermal field. We classified these events into the following three classes based on their time–frequency characteristics: (1) volcano tectonic microearthquakes (VTMs); (2) regional earthquakes; (3) short-duration events (SDEs). We preliminarily located the 1,277 VTMs using a single-station location method. Our results revealed hypocenters primarily beneath the axial valley ridge which is about 10?km away from hydrothermal vent and extending to the upper mantle at a depth of 15?km. Two discrete swarms of VTMs occurred during our survey period. The SDEs show a complex frequency characteristics ascribed to clusters of monochromatic waves around different frequencies. This suggests that SDEs result from combination of harmonic waves resonating in fluid-filled pipes and cracks.     

小城镇建筑抗震设防问题的探讨

我国小城镇抵御地震的能力非常脆弱,5级以上的地震就会造成很严重的破坏,原因是大多数小城镇的建筑都没有考虑抗震设防。汶川地震的深刻教训告诉我们,规范小城镇建筑、设计和施工,提高小城镇建筑抗震能力,已迫在眉睫。而现有的建筑结构抗震设计规范并不完全适用于小城镇,小城镇的建筑、设计和施工缺乏有效的约束。为此,本文针对我国小城镇建筑抗震设防目标的确定提出了一些意见,总结了小城镇抗震设防存在的问题,并提出了一些可行的提高小城镇建筑抗震能力的建议。     

Primary Quantitative Study on Earthquake Damage Extracted from Remote Sensing Imagery——A Case Study of Seismic Damage in the Urban Area of Dujiangyan due to the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The fast developing remote sensing techniques play an increasingly important role in earthquake emergency response, disaster survey and loss estimation. As there is a lack of quantitative studies on seismic damage based on remote sensing, its practicality in seismic disaster management has usually been questioned. The paper introduces the essential quantitative study idea, the concept of the remote sensing seismic damage index (DRS_I RS) and analysis models, demonstrates the seismic damage indices (DG_IC) of buildings obtained from ground surveying and its quantitative relation to DRS_I RS in Dujiangyan city, Sichuan Province, which was destroyed by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with M_S8.0. The primary results show that an obvious relationship exists between the DRS_I RS of buildings obtained from the high resolution satellite or aerial remote sensing images and DG_I C or the building collapse ratio obtained through ground survey, which suggests that the quantitative study on seismic damage based on remote sensing will provide an effective method for seismic damage survey and loss estimation.     

Eocene fossil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alseodaphne</Emphasis> from Hainan Island of China and its paleoclimatic implications

Alseodaphne changchangensis sp. nov. (Lauraceae), with a perfectly preserved fossil leaf, was found in the Eocene Changchang Formation from the Changchang Basin of Hainan Island, China. This represents the earliest occurrence at the lowest latitude for the genus Alseodaphne, and offers important fossil evidence for further investigation of the origin and evolution of this genus and the paleo-climate of Hainan Island in the Eocene. Based on leaf morphology and cuticle characteristics, our fossil specimen is ...     

A comparison of performance of several artificial intelligence methods for forecasting monthly discharge time series

Developing a hydrological forecasting model based on past records is crucial to effective hydropower reservoir management and scheduling. Traditionally, time series analysis and modeling is used for building mathematical models to generate hydrologic records in hydrology and water resources. Artificial intelligence (AI), as a branch of computer science, is capable of analyzing long-series and large-scale hydrological data. In recent years, it is one of front issues to apply AI technology to the hydrological forecasting modeling. In this paper, autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) models, artificial neural networks (ANNs) approaches, adaptive neural-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) techniques, genetic programming (GP) models and support vector machine (SVM) method are examined using the long-term observations of monthly river flow discharges. The four quantitative standard statistical performance evaluation measures, the coefficient of correlation (R), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (E), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), are employed to evaluate the performances of various models developed. Two case study river sites are also provided to illustrate their respective performances. The results indicate that the best performance can be obtained by ANFIS, GP and SVM, in terms of different evaluation criteria during the training and validation phases.     

基于地方作为主体的芦山地震灾后重建规划组织管理

“4.20”芦山地震灾后重建借鉴了“5.12”汶川地震的经验教训,建立了以地方作为主体的组织管理新机制。据此,基层政府展开了规划建设领域组织管理模式的多元探索,积累的有效经验包括开展规划编制全覆盖,实施城乡规划总牵头,进行灾区空间总管控;在项目建设上实行“五总”管理新模式;针对农房重建这一薄弱环节,通过加强现场监管、建立技术系统、强化公众参与等方式,探索出改进农房建设管理新机制。