Determination of Trace Bismuth in Environmental Waters by ICP‐MS with Cobalt Ion‐Assisted Photochemical Vapour Generation

With increasing use of bismuth in industry, a better understanding of its environmental behaviour is required, including an improved knowledge of its background concentration range in (non‐saline) freshwaters. However, the poor analytical sensitivity of previous methods may lead to inaccurate measurement results for Bi³⁺ in environmental samples. In this work, cobalt ion‐assisted photochemical vapour generation (PVG) was developed for the detection of trace Bi with inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) measurement. The volatile species of Bi was found to be (CH₃)₃Bi generated under UV irradiation in the presence of formic acid, acetic acid and Co²⁺. The major parameters potentially influencing the detection of Bi were investigated. Under optimised conditions, the limit of detection (3s, n = 11) of the proposed method was 0.3 ng l^?1. The analytical sensitivity was enhanced about 70‐fold for Bi³⁺ compared with that using classic pneumatic nebulisation of ICP‐MS. Furthermore, the proposed method showed better analytical sensitivity and anti‐interference ability towards co‐existing ions compared with ferric ion‐assisted PVG systems. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated by analysis of environmental water samples and certified reference materials with satisfactory results.     

Study of the seismic performance of hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE (mechanically stabilized earth) wall

The Hybrid A-Frame Micropile/MSE(mechanically stabilized earth) Wall suitable for mountain roadways is put forward in this study: a pair of vertical and inclined micropiles goes through the backfill region of a highway MSE Wall from the road surface and are then anchored into the foundation. The pile cap and grade beam are placed on the pile tops, and then a road barrier is connected to the grade beam by connecting pieces. The MSE wall's global stability, local stability and impact resistance of the road barrier can be enhanced simultaneously by this design. In order to validate the serviceability of the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall and the reliability of the numerical method, scale model tests and a corresponding numerical simulation were conducted. Then, the seismic performance of the MSE walls before and after reinforcement with micropiles was studied comparatively through numerical methods. The results indicate that the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall can effectively control earthquake-induced deformation, differential settlement at the road surface, bearing pressure on the bottom and acceleration by means of a rigid-soft combination of micropiles and MSE. The accumulated displacement under earthquakes with amplitude of 0.1-0.5g is reduced by 36.3%-46.5%, and the acceleration amplification factor on the top of the wall is reduced by 13.4%, 15.7% and 19.3% based on 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5g input earthquake loading, respectively.In addition, the earthquake-induced failure mode of the MSE wall in steep terrain is the sliding of the MSE region along the backslope, while the micropiles effectively control the sliding trend. The maximum earthquake-induced pile bending moment is in the interface between MSE and slope foundation, so it is necessary to strengthen the reinforcement of the pile body in the interface. Hence, it is proven that the hybrid A-frame micropile/MSE wall system has good seismic performance.     

山东省济南东部某大厦地下车库涌水机理初探

随着城市建设的不断加大,地下空间开发程度越来越深,伴随着基坑的开挖越来越深,城市的扩展不可避免地对地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件产生影响,而水文地质条件的改变又反过来影响制约人类的活动,甚至引发工程安全问题。该文以济南某建设项目为例,通过水文地质勘查、地球物理勘探、水位动态模拟、地下水取样等手段,研究分析近年来该建设项目周边地下水补径排条件的改变对区域地下水位的影响,以及水文地质条件的变化对建设项目工程的制约。结果表明,由于地下工程开挖、大气降水、保泉政策等因素影响,地下构筑物的开挖阻断了唯一的排泄通道,该建设项目周边地下水渗流场发生变化,由此造成项目区周边地下水位大幅上升,超过前期设计的抗浮设防水位,并对地下构筑物产生了破坏。研究结果对周边类似建设项目的选址及地下空间的开挖具有一定的指导意义。     

海珍品综合增养殖中的种间关系和生态容纳量的研究

在长岛县砣矶岛进行海珍品综合增养殖技术研究时，对几种海珍品的种间关系和生态容纳量做了调查与试验。结果发现，大型海藻的着生量与以此为主要饵料的皱纹盘鲍、光棘球海胆等的密度大体平衡。只是海胆密度是鲍密度的10几倍。因此为了提高单位水体的经济效益，应抑制海胆密度的增长。若能使5米以浅水域的海胆密度减其半，则该水域里的鲍产量可以增加到5倍之多。利用筏式养殖扇贝所排放的贝粪、拟粪做为饵料来增殖剌参，可使刺参的资源量增加3倍，即由原来的132．8kg／亩，增至526．4kg／亩。为此在放流苗种的同时，应向泥砂及平板礁等底质投置增殖礁，为鲍和剌参提供更多的栖息场所。     

仿生胸鳍的三维尾涡结构与参数影响分析

为研究仿胸鳍推进的机理和流体动力特性及缩小机器鱼与生物原型之间的性能差距,利用浸入边界法数值模拟了做耦合旋转运动胸鳍的非定常绕流问题。详细探讨胸鳍非定常运动的三维尾涡结构演化和推进机理,并开展胸鳍推进性能与尾涡结构的参数影响分析。结果表明:迎流面在背、腹侧边缘及鳍梢部显著涡旋结构的作用下所出现的低压力区,加之鳍表面和上游来流之间好的垂直度共同造成了在动力划水阶段的高推力;在恢复划水阶段的高升力与背侧边缘涡强度的持续增加,以及因鳍表面倾斜而引起的水动力被分解到竖直方向的比重提升有关;胸鳍尾流场被一个三维双环涡结构所支配;当前的模拟为仿胸鳍推进建立了一个最优的斯特劳哈尔数St范围(在0.55附近),在此之后平均推力仍随St的增大而增加,而推进效率则表现出一个缓慢降低的趋势;当前后拍动与纵倾运动之间的相位差为90度时,胸鳍同时取得最佳的推力和效率。     

Tropical drought patterns and their linkages to large-scale climate variability over Peninsular Malaysia

Ocean–atmosphere modes of climate variability in the Pacific and Indian oceans, as well as monsoons, regulate the regional wet and dry episodes in tropical regions. However, how those modes of climate variability, and their interactions, lead to spatial differences in drought patterns over tropical Asia at seasonal to interannual time scales remains unclear. This study aims to analyse the hydroclimate processes for both short- and long-term spatial drought patterns (3-, 6, 12- and 24-months) over Peninsular Malaysia using the Standardized Precipitation Index, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, and Palmer Drought Severity Index. Besides that, a generalized least squares regression is used to explore underlying circulation mechanisms of these spatio-temporal drought patterns. The tested drought indices indicate a tendency towards wetter conditions over Peninsular Malaysia. Based on principal component analysis, distinct spatio-temporal drought patterns are revealed, suggesting North–South and East–West gradients in drought distribution. The Pacific El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the South Western Indian Ocean (SWIO) variability, and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) are significant contributors to the observed spatio-temporal variability in drought. Both the ENSO and the SWIO modulate the North–South gradient in drought conditions over Peninsular Malaysia, while the QBO contributes more to the East–West gradient. Through modulating regional moisture fluxes, the warm phases of the ENSO and the SWIO, and the western phases of the QBO weaken the southwest and northeast monsoon, leading to precipitation deficits and droughts over Peninsular Malaysia. The East–West or North–South gradients in droughts are related to the middle mountains blocking southwest and northeast moisture fluxes towards Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, the ENSO and QBO variations are significantly leading to short-term droughts (less than a year), while the SWIO is significantly associated with longer-duration droughts (2 years or more). Overall, this work demonstrates how spatio-temporal drought patterns in tropical regions are related to monsoons and moisture transports affected by the oscillations over the Pacific and Indian oceans, which is important for national water risk management.     

复杂下垫面模拟域大气边界层非局地闭合模拟研究

在非局地闭合大气边界层模拟研究基础上,选取黑河实验研究资料（HEIFE）,利用二维模式对绿洲和沙漠交界地区的内边界层结构进行了模拟研究,模式考虑了两种下垫面条件下动力、热力特性的不同,并加入了湿度及水汽通量的预报。模拟结果表明:二维非局地闭合模式能得到合理的TIBL结构的基本特征,包括平均场、湍流场等,并能模拟给出一些由下垫面特性形成的大气现象,如沙漠地区逆湿现象的生消过程、绿洲的冷岛效应、绿洲与沙漠因热力差异而形成的局部环流形势等细致结构,符合沙漠站白天观测事实的典型特征。     

达县-宣汉地区长兴组-飞仙关组礁滩相特征及其对储层的制约

通过对普光2井、普光6井和毛坝3井等钻井资料以及地震剖面的详细研究,可知长兴组—飞仙关组生物礁相在地震剖面上,形态为透镜状,具有透镜体、中强变振幅、杂乱影像特征。岩性为灰色障积海绵礁灰岩、灰色障积海绵礁白云岩、灰色骨架海绵礁灰岩、灰色骨架海绵礁白云岩等组成。滩相在地震剖面上表现为透镜体、中强变振幅、不连续影像特征,其岩性主要为浅灰色厚块状亮晶鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含砾鲕粒白云岩、亮晶含豆粒鲕粒白云岩、亮晶生屑白云岩及亮晶砂屑白云岩等。两者在空间上相伴生,沿着台地边缘分布,形成台地边缘礁滩相带,该相带控制了达县—宣汉地区储层的岩性、储集性及其空间分布。     

An Improved Hierarchical Segmentation Method for Remote Sensing Images

This paper presents an inversed quad tree merging method for hierarchical high-resolution remote sensing image segmentation, in which bottom-up approaches of region based merge techniques are chained. The image segmentation process is mainly composed of three sections: grouping pixels to form image object/region primitives in imagery using inversed quad tree, initializing neighbor list and region feature variables and then hierarchical clustering neighboring regions. This segmentation algorithm has been tested on the QuickBird images and been evaluated and it exhibits good efficiency over initialization of neighbor list for quad tree node/region primitives. This paper also provides a brief proof of the good efficiency of a sorted merge list which can be viewed as an alternative for dither matrix to randomly distribute region merging pairs which is adopted in e-Cognition.     

The impact of opening the Arctic Northeast Passage on the global maritime transportation network pattern using AIS data

Six series of solute transport experiments were conducted with an objective to compare scale decency of fractional dispersion coefficient (Df) in space fra