Methods for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow

In order to thoroughly investigate the diversity of glacier microorganisms, four DNA extraction methods with different lysis patterns were tested and two screened methods (the Bosshard-Bano method and the Zhou method) were optimized for the most effective form of the filter membrane (cut vs. uncut), the DNA extraction method, and the precipitation method. The two optimized methods were then compared with the commercial Mo-Bio DNA extraction kit, and the results showed that the kit was generally suitable for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow. Procedurally, it was found that a modified Bosshard- Bano method (i.e., cutting the filter membrane into pieces, using a specific lysis pattern [lysozyme (5 mg/mL)-protease K (1 mg/mL)-CTAB (1%)-SDS (1%)], performing the extraction only once by chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1), and conducting DNA precipitation by pure ethanol) was also an effective and less expensive method for extraction of microorganism DNA from glacier surface snow.     

1961-2008年中国西南地区极端气候变化幅度的海拔效应(英文)

A total of 12 indices of temperature extremes and 11 indices of precipitation ex-tremes at 111 stations in southwestern China at altitudes of 285-4700 m were examined for the period 1961-2008. Significant correlations of temperature extremes and elevation in-cluded the trends of diurnal temperature range, frost days, ice days, cold night frequency and cold day frequency. Regional trends of growing season length, warm night frequency, coldest night and warmest night displayed a statistically significant positive correlation with altitude. These characteristics indicated the obvious warming with altitude. For precipitation extreme indices, only the trends of consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, wet day precipitation and the number of heavy precipitation days had significant correlations with increasing alti-tude owing to the complex influence of atmospheric circulation. It also indicated the increased precipitation mainly at higher altitude areas, whereas the increase of extreme precipitation events mainly at lowers altitude. In addition, the clearly local influences are also crucial on climate extremes. The analysis revealed an enhanced sensitivity of climate extremes to ele-vation in southwestern China in the context of recent warming.     

Physicochemistry and Mineralogy of Storm Dust and Dust Sediment in Northern China

Dust sediments collected from 1995 to 1998 in Beijing, Dunhuang, Inner Mongolia, Kashi, the Kunlun Mountains, Lanzhou, Ningxia, the Taklimakan Desert, and Xi‘an, China, were characterized in terms of their physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. Most aerosols and dust analysed ranged in texture from silty clay to clay loam. Their median particle diameters (Mds) generally ranged between 5 to 63μm,coinciding with those of loess from central China and the finest sand from northwestern China. The dust sediments were characterized by a predominance of SiO2 and Al2O3, followed by K2O. Their SiO2/Al2O3and K2O/SiO2 molar ratios ranged from 5.17 to 8.43 and from 0.009 to 0.0368, respectively. The mass concentration spectrum during a dust storm showed a single peak, rather than the triple peak generally observed under clear sky conditions. The dominant minerals were chlorite, illite, calcite, and dolomite.These physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were consistent with those of aeolian soils and loess in western and central China. The results suggest that aerosols and fine-gained fractions of dust sediments collected in northern China are mainly composed of soil material transported from the arid and semiarid regions of China and Mongolia by prevailing winds. The rate of deposition and properties of dust falling on eastern China were strongly influenced by meteorological conditions, season, latitude, longitude, and altitude of the sampling sites.     

干涸尾闾湖盆区泥漠地表磨蚀释尘特征

沙粒的表面磨蚀效应是地表产尘、释尘的重要机制,针对干湖盆泥漠地表开展磨蚀释尘实验研究,对理解干湖盆地表风蚀过程及盐碱尘暴形成机理具有重要意义。对采自西居延海干涸湖盆泥漠地表土样进行室内磨蚀模拟实验,研究了不同粒级（细、中、粗）沙粒不同落沙角度（30°,45°,60°）的磨蚀效应。结果表明：（1）泥漠地表磨蚀实验中能够产生明显释尘效应的沙粒粒级阈值为中沙（0.25 mm<M_d<0.50 mm）;（2）磨蚀粒径粒级相同时,磨蚀角度会对泥漠地表磨蚀释尘速率产生影响,磨蚀量的角度排序为60°>30°>45°,但同一粒级3种角度下的磨蚀释尘率差异不显著。（3）磨蚀角度为45°时,计算了泥漠地表的质量磨蚀率与能量磨蚀率,其中中沙为0.04 g·kg^-1、0.43 g·J^-1,粗沙为0.08 g·kg^-1、0.74 g·J^-1,极粗沙为0.26 g·kg^-1、2.54 g·J^-1;在磨蚀沙粒粒级倍增而磨蚀角度不变情况下,泥漠地表磨蚀释尘率与能量磨蚀率未发生正比例线性增长变化。     

白令海峡治理的合作机制研究

近年来随着北极冰盖的融化,北极通航已成为可能,而白令海峡作为北极航道重要的出口/入口,其战略地位也将逐步显现并被各国关注。在讨论白令海峡的治理与合作时,首先要明确白令海峡是用于国际航行的海峡,而作为海峡沿岸国的美国和俄罗斯对于白令海峡的管控与合作将成为影响未来北极航行的重要因素。为同时保障海峡沿岸国与使用国的利益,可借鉴马六甲海峡的治理经验,在现有治理机制的基础上进一步深化海峡沿岸国与海峡使用国的合作机制。中国作为海峡使用国也有必要积极参与白令海峡的合作治理。     

树轮稳定同位素记录:进展、问题及展望

树轮稳定同位素比率(δ13 C、δ18O 和δD)变化与树木生长季的气候和环境条件密切相关。控制实验表明, 树轮稳定同位素比率变化可较好地记录树木叶片气孔活动、水分来源、水分利用效率等相关信息, 已成为古气候和全球变化生态学研究的重要代用指标和手段之一。树轮稳定同位素记录能够较好地保留低频气候环境变化信息, 与年轮宽度相结合, 可有效地进行区域古气候重建和全球变化生态学方面的研究。文章综述了树轮稳定同位素的分馏机理及其发展, 系统阐述和评价了利用树轮稳定同位素指标进行古气候和古环境的相关研究成果, 并指出树轮稳定同位素研究在中国未来亟须着重发展的方向。     

不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率定量模拟

通过风洞实验,利用称重传感器自动记录风蚀观测样方重量变化过程,对供沙条件下不同砾石覆盖度戈壁床面风蚀速率进行了定量模拟研究。结果表明:砾石覆盖度是影响戈壁风蚀速率的关键因子,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加按指数规律递减。各实验风速下,砾石覆盖度>50%时,戈壁床面风蚀速率随砾石覆盖度增加而减小量有限,甚至无风蚀发生;而盖度从10%到50%时,风蚀速率显著减小。因此,两种实验粒径砾石(3 cm与4 cm)至少在50%盖度时才能达到较好的风蚀防治效果。戈壁风蚀防护机理主要是砾石覆盖度的增加增大了砾石间沙粒的临界起动剪切风速,而且减少了作用在砾石间可蚀地表的剪切压。与沙质对照床面相比,10%~90%砾石盖度戈壁床面沙粒临界起动剪切风速增大了0.8~3.4倍,只有0.5％~28%的剪切压作用在砾石间可蚀地表。     

中国省际工业生态效率空间分布及影响因素研究

将中国30省市（不含港、澳、台和西藏地区）作为研究对象,进行省际工业生态效率空间分布及影响因素研究。首先构建中国省际工业生态效率评价指标体系,其次利用DEA-BCC模型结合Malmquist指数对2006~2015年中国30省市在时空两个维度上的工业生态效率进行测算,再次运用Geoda软件分析中国工业生态效率的空间分布特征,最后通过空间误差模型对中国工业生态效率的影响因素进行检验。研究结果表明：① 中国工业生态效率虽呈现小幅度下降趋势,但整体效率水平较高;30省市之间存在明显差异性,呈现出东部>中部>西部的分布格局。② 中国工业生态效率Malmquist指数增长率水平较高;30省市Malmquist指数均为正向增长,呈现出稳定增长趋势;技术进步效率是Malmquist指数的主要推动力。③ 中国30省市工业生态效率呈现正向空间自相关性,且存在明显的集聚状态,近邻效应显著。④ 中国省际工业生态效率的主要影响因素有经济发展水平、产业结构、政府规制、技术进步、外商投资和产业集聚。     

珠江三角洲区域一体化研究综合信息系统的设计与应用

在分析地理信息系统技术发展与应用现状的基础上,设计了珠江三角洲区域一体化研究综合信息系统的结构框架。根据珠江三角洲的实际情况,并在经济地理学,城市地理学,区域科学等理论的指导下,开发了针对该区域一体化研究的模型分析系统。基于元数据库的数据集成与模型管理技术,能对不同数据源,不同数据类型与时空特性的多元数据处理与分析。本综合信息系统在区域产业布局,资源窨组合,城市体系空间结构演化等方面得到应用,将为     

班公湖-怒江带、羌塘地块特提斯演化与成矿地质背景

早古生代—泥盆纪,研究区沉积环境以陆棚碎屑岩相和碳酸盐台地相为主,代表冈瓦纳大陆北缘和特提斯南侧的被动大陆边缘。石炭纪—二叠纪,本区进入特提斯南、北缘弧盆系统演化阶段,龙木错-双湖带北部、金沙江带南部和冈底斯带分别在石炭纪、二叠纪形成岩浆弧。中生代是特提斯南缘弧盆演化阶段,SSZ型蛇绿岩形成岩浆熔离型铬、镍、铂族金属矿床和热液型金矿。班公湖-怒江带特提斯在中侏罗世至早白垩世向南、北两侧俯冲并形成岩浆弧,该岩浆弧是重要的成矿带,形成斑岩铜矿、矽卡岩型磁铁矿和热液型多金属矿床。北羌塘东段侏罗纪弧后前陆盆地有利于形成沉积型、沉积-热液改造型和热液型铁、铜、锑、金矿床。晚白垩世碰撞作用主要与热液型矿床有关,分布范围较大,也可能存在晚白垩世至新生代碰撞阶段的斑岩铜矿。