新疆东部雪岭云杉与胡杨树轮记录的干湿变化对比分析

利用采自新疆东部的雪岭云杉和胡杨树轮样本研制出区域树轮宽度年表。相关分析发现雪岭云杉区域树轮宽度年表与上年8月至当年月标准化蒸发指数(SPEI)变化有较好相关性,相关系数为0.67 (P<0.001, n=54),同时胡杨区域树轮宽度年表也表现出较强的干湿变化信号(r=0.48, P<0.001, n=54)。利用线性回归模型重建了新疆东部1725–2013年上年8月至当年月SPEI变化,方差解释量为45.3%。利用雪岭云杉区域树轮宽度年表能够较好地重建新疆东部自1725年以来的上年8月至当年7月的SPEI变化,方差解释量达45.3%。重建结果揭示新疆东部1725-1728年,1737-1758年,1765-1804年,1829-1834年,1845-1852年,1888-1904年, 1915-1923年,1932-1961年,1969-1973年,1986-2001年偏湿;1729-1736年,1759-1764年,1805-1828年,1835-1844年,1853-1887年,1905-1914年,1924-1931年,1962-1968年,1974-1985年,2002-2013年偏干。新疆东部干湿变化与天山中西部干湿变化在年际变化上存在很强一致性,但在年代际变化上存在显著差异,并与甘肃河西走廊干湿变化存在紧密。胡杨树轮宽度年表与雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表所指示的干湿变化在年代际上存在一致性,但是胡杨对干湿变化响应往往滞后于雪岭云杉。     

天山山区与南北疆夏季温度变化对比分析

利用新疆1959～2000年夏季温度资料,采用滑动平均、最大熵谱、经验正交、线性回归方法,分析天山山区近42年来夏季温度变化的基本特征,并与南疆、北疆进行比较。结果表明：①天山山区在夏季温度的冷暖变化阶段以及最炎热、最凉爽年出现的年份与南疆和北疆不同;②夏季温度空间分布的同向性变化北疆最大,天山山区居中,南疆最小;夏季温度空间反向变化南疆和天山山区较大,北疆较小;③夏季温度的年代际变化趋势不同,天山山区持续增温,北疆波动增温,南疆变化稳定;④三种夏季增温的覆盖范围以最低温度为最广,其增温率天山山区最大,南疆最小,北疆居中。     

Phenological observations made by the I. R. Bohemian Patriotic�CEconomic Society, 1828�C1847

Drought forecasting is a critical component of drought risk management. Identification of effective predictors is a major component of forecasting models. Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) are relevant predictors for short- to long-term drought forecasts. However, these datasets are captured globally within a cell-wise network. This paper describes an approach to locate the most effective cells of the SST and SLP datasets using data mining. They are then applied as input to an adaptive neurofuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model to forecast possible droughts 3, 6, and 9?months in advance. Tehran plain was selected as the study area, and drought events are designated using the effective drought index (EDI). In another treatment, past values of the EDI time series were introduced to the ANFIS and the results compared with the previous findings. It was shown that R ² values were higher for all cases applying the SST/SLP datasets. Additionally, the performance of SST/SLP datasets and the ANFIS model was assessed according to ??drought?? or ??wet?? classification, and it was concluded that more than 90% of the time the ANFIS model detected the drought status correctly or with only a one class error.     

The impact of heat waves on surface urban heat island and local economy in Cluj-Napoca city,Romania

The association between heat waves and the urban heat island effect can increase the impact on environment and society inducing biophysical hazards. Heat stress and their associated public health problems are among the most frequent. This paper explores the heat waves impact on surface urban heat island and on the local economy loss during three heat periods in Cluj-Napoca city in the summer of 2015. The heat wave events were identified based on daily maximum temperature, and they were divided into three classes considering the intensity threshold: moderate heat waves (daily maximum temperature exceeding the 90th percentile), severe heat waves (daily maximum temperature over the 95th percentile), and extremely severe heat waves (daily maximum temperature exceeding the 98th percentile). The minimum length of an event was of minimum three consecutive days. The surface urban heat island was detected based on land surface temperature derived from Landsat 8 thermal infrared data, while the economic impact was estimated based on data on work force structure and work productivity in Cluj-Napoca derived from the data released by Eurostat, National Bank of Romania, and National Institute of Statistics. The results indicate that the intensity and spatial extension of surface urban heat island could be governed by the magnitude of the heat wave event, but due to the low number of satellite images available, we should consider this information only as preliminary results. Thermal infrared remote sensing has proven to be a very efficient method to study surface urban heat island, due to the fact that the synoptic conditions associated with heat wave events usually favor cloud free image. The resolution of the OLI_TIRS sensor provided good results for a mid-extension city, but the low revisiting time is still a drawback. The potential economic loss was calculated for the working days during heat waves and the estimated loss reached more than 2.5 mil. EUR for each heat wave day at city scale, cumulating more than 38 mil. EUR for the three cases considered.     

新龙站近48年气温、降水量变化特征分析

新龙县位于青藏高原向四川盆地过渡面上,平均海拔3500m,研究新龙站的气候变化,对揭示青藏高原的气候有一定的参考价值。本文对新龙站1960～2007年气温和降水量资料进行了统计分析。结果显示：新龙站近48年平均气温略有上升的趋势,近10年处在一个较高的水平;冬季气温有上升趋势,夏季气温变化基本平稳;年平均气温有显著的15年左右的周期变化。降水量变化略有增加的趋势,无显著的年际和年代际变化特征,近年来强降水出现的频率增大。     

帕米尔东北部昆仑圆柏850年树轮宽度年表的建立及其气候意义

利用帕米尔高原东北缘的昆仑圆柏树轮资料建立了850 a的树轮宽度年表(1165—2014年),是目前新疆最长的树轮年表。树轮宽度指数与乌恰站的气象资料相关分析表明:树轮宽度主要受水分条件限制,与降水量、降水日数和水汽压呈一致的正相关,其中树轮宽度标准年表与乌恰上年10月—当年7月的降水量的相关系数达到0.671。宽度年表与最高气温和最低气温呈反相关:当年生长季及其前期的最高气温与轮宽指数负相关,而最低气温(当年5月以外)与树木的生长正相关,表明生长季的较高的最高气温和冬季的较低的最低气温不利于树木的生长。树轮宽度指数与CRU格点降水资料的空间相关分析表明其能较好地反映帕米尔高原东部的降水变化,其次与新疆天山山区中部和南疆平原区的降水也具有较好的相关性。     

浓雾——隐形的气象杀手

1 雾的危害 2007年5月,京珠高速公路614公里处河南新乡段因浓雾突发,连续发生多起追尾事故,百余辆车相撞,事件过程中,200余人参加了事故大营救.     

Microtremor study of site effects and soil-structure resonance in the city of Ljubljana (central Slovenia)

The city of Ljubljana is located in one of the three areas with the highest seismic hazard in Slovenia, and it is also the most densely populated. Site effects due to Quaternary sediments, which fill the up to 200 m-deep basin, are characteristic of the whole city area, but they can be especially strong in the southern part of Ljubljana, which is built on very soft lacustrine deposits. Existing microzonation studies of the city are inadequate, since there is a lack of borehole, geophysical and earthquake data. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied to a 200 m dense grid of free-field measurements over an area of 45 km² (1,223 measuring points) in order to assess the fundamental frequency of the sediments. The main difficulties in microtremor measurement arose from high levels of traffic and industrial noise, and from underground structures. Experimental conditions which can influence data quality, such as strong wind and water saturation of soil, were analysed. Very clear HVSR peaks were obtained in the entire southern part of the city, whereas in the northern part the site response is in general lower due to lower impedance contrast of gravel with the bedrock. The iso-frequency map of sediments shows a distribution in the range of 0.9–10 Hz. In the southern part of Ljubljana, sediment frequency correlates well with the thickness of soft sediments known from geophysical investigations and sparse drilling. Average amplitude of the HVSR peaks is considerably higher in the southern part (6.7 ± 2.4) than in the northern part (4.0 ± 2.0) of the city, indicating a high impedance contrast of lacustrine sediments with the bedrock. Microtremor measurements were also performed inside 122 buildings of various heights. We focused on important public buildings and selected blocks of flats and houses. To assess the longitudinal and transverse fundamental frequencies of each building, amplitude spectra and the spectral ratio between the upper floor and the basement were analysed for both directions. When one of these frequencies is close to a nearby free-field fundamental frequency, a potential soil-structure resonance is present. This was found in 12 of the measured buildings. Three of them are tall residential buildings (from 10 to 15 floors) with a fundamental frequency of 2–3 Hz, and nine of them are low-rise buildings (from 3 to 5 floors) with a fundamental frequency ranging from 3 to 4.5 Hz. Using the relationship between fundamental frequency and height, the typical height of buildings that might cause soil-structure resonance can be estimated at a given sediment frequency obtained from free-field measurements.     

Numerical simulation on the influences of Wenchuan earthquake on the surrounding faults

On 12 May 2008, the devastating Wenchuan earthquake struck the Longmenshan fault zone, which comprised the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and this fault zone was predominantly a convergent boundary with a right-lateral strike-slip component. After such a large-magnitude earthquake, it was crucial to analyze the influences of the earthquake on the surrounding faults and the potential seismic activity. In this paper, a complex viscoelastic model of western Sichuan and eastern Tibet regions was constructed including the topography. Based on the findings of co-seismic static slip distribution, we calculated the stress change caused by the Wenchuan earthquake with the post-seismic relaxation into consideration. Our preliminary results indicated that: (1) The tectonic stressing rate was relatively high in Kunlun mountain pass-Jiangcuo, Ganzi-Yushu, Xianshuihe and Zemuhe faults; while in the east Kunlun and Longriba was medium; also the value was less in the Minjiang, Longmenshan, Anninghe and Huya faults. As to the Longmenshan fault, the value was 0.28×10^-3 MPa/a to 0.35×10^-3 MPa/a, which is coincident with the previous long recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake; (2) The Wenchuan earthquake not only caused the Coulomb stress decrease in the source region, but also the stress increase in the two terminals, especially the northeastern segment, which is comparatively consistent with the aftershock distribution. Meanwhile, the high concentration areas of the static slip distribution were corresponding to the Coulomb stress reductions; (3) The Coulomb stress change caused by Wenchuan earthquake showed significant increase on five major faults, which were northwestern segment of Xianshuihe fault, eastern Kunlun fault, Longriba fault, Minjiang fault and Huya fault respectively; also the Coulomb stress on the fault plane of the Yushu earthquake was faintly increased; (4) We defined the recurrence interval as the time needed to accumulate the magnitude of the stress drop, and the recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake was estimated about 1 714 a to 2 143 a correspondingly.     

基于应变能变化的芦山强震同震效应的数值模拟

芦山地震发生后,川滇地区主要活动断裂的地震活动趋势变化值得关注.本文基于川滇地区的三维非线性有限元模型,利用地震矩张量反演的断层节面性质及震级与破裂长度、同震位错量的经验公式,从应变能积累/释放角度分析地震的发生对川滇地区主要断裂的同震加卸载效应.初步结果表明,在33条断裂段中,有17条表现为同震加载效应,15条表现为卸载效应,1条影响不明显.地震的发生造成马尔康断裂、岷江断裂加载效应较强.但需要注意的是,滇西、滇西南地区主要活动断裂表现出群体性的加载效应.