新疆东部雪岭云杉与胡杨树轮记录的干湿变化对比分析

利用采自新疆东部的雪岭云杉和胡杨树轮样本研制出区域树轮宽度年表。相关分析发现雪岭云杉区域树轮宽度年表与上年8月至当年月标准化蒸发指数(SPEI)变化有较好相关性,相关系数为0.67 (P<0.001, n=54),同时胡杨区域树轮宽度年表也表现出较强的干湿变化信号(r=0.48, P<0.001, n=54)。利用线性回归模型重建了新疆东部1725–2013年上年8月至当年月SPEI变化,方差解释量为45.3%。利用雪岭云杉区域树轮宽度年表能够较好地重建新疆东部自1725年以来的上年8月至当年7月的SPEI变化,方差解释量达45.3%。重建结果揭示新疆东部1725-1728年,1737-1758年,1765-1804年,1829-1834年,1845-1852年,1888-1904年, 1915-1923年,1932-1961年,1969-1973年,1986-2001年偏湿;1729-1736年,1759-1764年,1805-1828年,1835-1844年,1853-1887年,1905-1914年,1924-1931年,1962-1968年,1974-1985年,2002-2013年偏干。新疆东部干湿变化与天山中西部干湿变化在年际变化上存在很强一致性,但在年代际变化上存在显著差异,并与甘肃河西走廊干湿变化存在紧密。胡杨树轮宽度年表与雪岭云杉树轮宽度年表所指示的干湿变化在年代际上存在一致性,但是胡杨对干湿变化响应往往滞后于雪岭云杉。     

Paleotectonic Setting of Dongyan Group of Middle and Upper Proterozoic in Central Fujian Province

The central Fujian Province, situated on the juncture of paleo-uplift of Wuyishan, Yongmei Late Paleozoic depression and the eastern volcanic rift-fanlting zone, is mainly composed of the outcropped metamorphic basements in the Middle-Late and Early Proterozoic, which constitute two upper and lower giant thick formations of Precambrian volcanic-sedimentary cycles, respectively. The formation of Dongyan Group is an important Middle-Upper Proterozoic component, and the Dongyan Group is directly related to massive sulfide deposit in this area. In recent years, plenty of lead, zinc, copper, silver and gold deposits have been found and explored. The Precambrian paleorift setting of the central Fujian Province served as a favorite metallogenic background for the formation of large- and superlargescale volcanic massive sulfide (VMS) lead and zinc polymetal deposits. The Dongyan Group consists chiefly of a set of ancient volcanic sedimentary formations that are composed mainly of greenschist. Its major lithologic types comprise greenschist, marble, quartzite and granofels class including various components. The metamorphic rocks of Dongyan Group are the main composition of Middle and Upper Proterozoic volcanic-sedimentary cycle. The original rock of Dongyan Group, a stable rock association, is volcanic sedimentation and normal marine sedimentation. But the original volcanic rocks, basic and acid, are bimodal. The volcanic rocks were formed in the extensional continental rift setting.     

Über die Brandung bei den Atlantischen Inseln Ascension und St. Helena

Zusammenfassung In den Häfen der südatlantischen Inseln Ascension und St. Helena treten ziemlich häufig, ganz sporadisch schwere bis sehr schwere Sturzseen auf, die kurz Roller genannt werden. Da die Dünung, welche die Roller verursacht, aus nordwestlicher Richtung hereinläuft, herrscht fast allgemein die Ansicht, daß sie aus den Sturmgebieten des Nordatlantischen Ozeans stammt.Wenn man jedoch das Problem genauer in Augenschein nimmt, läßt sich zeigen, daß ein Teil der Dünung die Inseln von SW bis S erreicht und in dem Gebiet der braven Westwinde entsteht. Ein anderer Teil kommt von NE und wird von dem Nordostpassat erzeugt. Es kommt in seltenen Fällen sogar eine Koinzidenz beider vor, die Doppelroller.Wegen der Wichtigkeit für eine anzustrebende Vorhersage dieser für die Lande- und Hafentätigkeit der Inseln gefährlichen Erscheinungen wird im einzelnen dargelegt, welche Anhaltspunkte und Gründe für die Herkunft der hohen Dünung aus SW und NE sprechen. Auch wird versucht, ihren Ursprung möglichst gut zu lokalisieren und ihre Entstehung etwas näher zu kennzeichnen.

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On the Surf along the coasts of the Atlantic Islands of Ascension and St. Helen's

Summary In the harbours of the south-atlantic islands of Ascension and St. Helen's there are occurring rather frequently and quite sporadically and unexpectedly heavy to very heavy surf waves, called rollers. Since the swell causing the rollers, approaches from a northwestern direction, it is generally believed that it originates from the storm centres of the Northatlantic Ocean.If, however, the problem is subject to a close analysis, it becomes evident that part of the swell approaches the islands from SW to S, rising in the area of the roaring forties. Another part of the swell arrives from NE, owing its formation to the northeastern trade winds. In very rare cases, it even happens that the swells from both directions coincide, thus creating the phenomenon of double rollers.Considering the importance to be attributed to a future prediction of these phenomena so dangerous to landing vessels and to the activity in the harbours of the two islands, the attempt is made to find out the causes that may be accused for the high swells from SW and NE. Besides, it is tried to locate the area of their origin as near as possible and to characterize their formation.

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Sur les rouleaux se produisant à l'approche des îles atlantiques de l'Ascension et de Sainte Hélène

Résumé Dans les ports des îles de l'Atlantique du Sud de l'Ascension et de Sainte Hélène il se présente assez fréquemment et d'une manière toute sporadique et inattendue le phénomène de vagues fortes ou même très fortes de ressac, brièvement nommées rouleaux. Comme la houle, causant ces rouleaux, s'approche du nord-ouest, l'avis général est qu'elle tire son origine aux centres de tempêtes de l'Océan Atlantique du Nord.En examinant un peu plus proche ce problème, on constate, cependant, qu'une partie de la houle s'approche des îles en tournant du sud-ouest jusqu'au sud et qu'elle naît dans la bande desroaring forties, pendant que l'autre partie de la houle arrive du nord-est et se forme par le vent alizé du nord-est. De temps en temps, il arrive même que les deux houles coïncident, ainsi produisant des «doubles rouleaux».Tenant compte de l'importance qui est à attribuer à la prévision future de ces phénomènes, si dangereux aux navires abordants et aux activités dans les ports des deux îles, on essaie de trouver les causes de ces fortes houles s'approchant du sud-ouest et du nord-est. En outre, on essaie de déterminer aussi proche que possible l'aire génératrice des houles et de caractériser plus précisément leur formation.

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Die Schriftleitung bedauert aufrichtig das plötzliche Ableben des Herrn Dr. F. Roßmann, München-Riem, der das Erscheinen seiner beiden letzten Arbeiten in diesem Heft nicht mehr erleben konnte.     

基于分形理论研究土壤结构及其水分特征关系

为定量获得土壤结构对其水力性质的指示作用,室内实验选用华北平原子牙河流域原状土样为研究对象,用张力计法和激光粒度分析仪分别测定土壤水分特征曲线和样品粒度分布,基于分形理论计算土壤粒度分布的分形维数,采用实验测定与模型验证相结合的方法对水分特征曲线进行分析.结果表明,土壤颗粒粒度分布在[10 μm,50 μm]区间内的分段分维值是表征土壤粒度累积分布显著上升段特征的关键参数,与0~80 kPa吸力范围内的土壤水分特征曲线幂函数模型拟合参数(a、b)有极显著相关关系.研究区内土壤水分特征曲线以分形形式表达的幂函数模型为:θ=100.78×(3-D)S(D-3)/3,利用土壤结构分形特征能够有效指示其水力性质.      

土壤分形结构对其水力性质的指示作用

研究土壤的水力性质是进行生态水文模拟、农业水分管理和环境监测的关键,然而强烈的空间变异造成土壤的物性特征异常复杂,特别是水力性质测定困难,试验结果随机性强,耗费大量人力物力,却难以准确描述。本文在综合分析了国内外30余种量化土壤水力性质的研究方法的优劣后,系统总结了分形理论在土壤物性特征研究中的应用,剖析了分形理论与土壤水力性质之间的关系,旨在探讨土壤分形结构在水力性质领域的发展前景,以及在测定水力特性参数时所具备的优势。结果表明：(1)采用分形方法定量研究土壤结构具备可行性;(2)分形结构方法能够指示水力性质,并能为快速准确刻画不同尺度下的土壤水分分布特征提供科学依据;(3)利用已知土壤水力性质建立分形模型可以有效反演土壤结构。     

Numerical simulation on the influences of Wenchuan earthquake on the surrounding faults

On 12 May 2008, the devastating Wenchuan earthquake struck the Longmenshan fault zone, which comprised the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and this fault zone was predominantly a convergent boundary with a right-lateral strike-slip component. After such a large-magnitude earthquake, it was crucial to analyze the influences of the earthquake on the surrounding faults and the potential seismic activity. In this paper, a complex viscoelastic model of western Sichuan and eastern Tibet regions was constructed including the topography. Based on the findings of co-seismic static slip distribution, we calculated the stress change caused by the Wenchuan earthquake with the post-seismic relaxation into consideration. Our preliminary results indicated that: (1) The tectonic stressing rate was relatively high in Kunlun mountain pass-Jiangcuo, Ganzi-Yushu, Xianshuihe and Zemuhe faults; while in the east Kunlun and Longriba was medium; also the value was less in the Minjiang, Longmenshan, Anninghe and Huya faults. As to the Longmenshan fault, the value was 0.28×10^-3 MPa/a to 0.35×10^-3 MPa/a, which is coincident with the previous long recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake; (2) The Wenchuan earthquake not only caused the Coulomb stress decrease in the source region, but also the stress increase in the two terminals, especially the northeastern segment, which is comparatively consistent with the aftershock distribution. Meanwhile, the high concentration areas of the static slip distribution were corresponding to the Coulomb stress reductions; (3) The Coulomb stress change caused by Wenchuan earthquake showed significant increase on five major faults, which were northwestern segment of Xianshuihe fault, eastern Kunlun fault, Longriba fault, Minjiang fault and Huya fault respectively; also the Coulomb stress on the fault plane of the Yushu earthquake was faintly increased; (4) We defined the recurrence interval as the time needed to accumulate the magnitude of the stress drop, and the recurrence interval of Wenchuan earthquake was estimated about 1 714 a to 2 143 a correspondingly.     

阿尔泰山历史时期气候水文变化特征分析

通过分析总结在中国阿尔泰山区域已取得的树轮气候学和树轮水文学研究成果,选取了5条气温重建序列,3条降水重建序列和2条径流量重建序列,对各序列在全频域、低频域和高频域的相关系数、序列的阶段变化、极值年份、周期等特征展开了讨论和对比,并对阿尔泰山气候的年代际变化进行了分析。结果表明：（1）目前在阿尔泰山开展的气温重建中,重建时段均在树木生长季内,5条气温重建序列显示在1690年代-1700年代、1730年代、1780年代-1790年代为偏冷时期,1710年代-1720年代、1800年代-1830年代、1940年代-1960年代及1990年代以来为偏暖时期。有3条序列指示1830年为暖年,1698年、1784年、1911年、1985-1986年为冷年。（2）3条降水重建序列显示,1830年代-1860年代经历了一段降水量相对平稳的时期,1870年代-1900年代为持续时间最长的干旱时期,1900年为干旱年。（3）2条径流量重建序列显示,1730年代和1810年代-1820年代为丰水期,1750年代和1870年代-1890年代为枯水期,降水量对哈巴河径流量有较大影响。（4）年代际气候变化分析显示,阿尔泰山在1830年代-1990年代以暖干为主,1990年代以后进入了暖湿时期。     

Microtremor study of site effects and soil-structure resonance in the city of Ljubljana (central Slovenia)

The city of Ljubljana is located in one of the three areas with the highest seismic hazard in Slovenia, and it is also the most densely populated. Site effects due to Quaternary sediments, which fill the up to 200 m-deep basin, are characteristic of the whole city area, but they can be especially strong in the southern part of Ljubljana, which is built on very soft lacustrine deposits. Existing microzonation studies of the city are inadequate, since there is a lack of borehole, geophysical and earthquake data. The microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method was therefore applied to a 200 m dense grid of free-field measurements over an area of 45 km² (1,223 measuring points) in order to assess the fundamental frequency of the sediments. The main difficulties in microtremor measurement arose from high levels of traffic and industrial noise, and from underground structures. Experimental conditions which can influence data quality, such as strong wind and water saturation of soil, were analysed. Very clear HVSR peaks were obtained in the entire southern part of the city, whereas in the northern part the site response is in general lower due to lower impedance contrast of gravel with the bedrock. The iso-frequency map of sediments shows a distribution in the range of 0.9–10 Hz. In the southern part of Ljubljana, sediment frequency correlates well with the thickness of soft sediments known from geophysical investigations and sparse drilling. Average amplitude of the HVSR peaks is considerably higher in the southern part (6.7 ± 2.4) than in the northern part (4.0 ± 2.0) of the city, indicating a high impedance contrast of lacustrine sediments with the bedrock. Microtremor measurements were also performed inside 122 buildings of various heights. We focused on important public buildings and selected blocks of flats and houses. To assess the longitudinal and transverse fundamental frequencies of each building, amplitude spectra and the spectral ratio between the upper floor and the basement were analysed for both directions. When one of these frequencies is close to a nearby free-field fundamental frequency, a potential soil-structure resonance is present. This was found in 12 of the measured buildings. Three of them are tall residential buildings (from 10 to 15 floors) with a fundamental frequency of 2–3 Hz, and nine of them are low-rise buildings (from 3 to 5 floors) with a fundamental frequency ranging from 3 to 4.5 Hz. Using the relationship between fundamental frequency and height, the typical height of buildings that might cause soil-structure resonance can be estimated at a given sediment frequency obtained from free-field measurements.     

天山山区与南北疆夏季温度变化对比分析

利用新疆1959～2000年夏季温度资料,采用滑动平均、最大熵谱、经验正交、线性回归方法,分析天山山区近42年来夏季温度变化的基本特征,并与南疆、北疆进行比较。结果表明：①天山山区在夏季温度的冷暖变化阶段以及最炎热、最凉爽年出现的年份与南疆和北疆不同;②夏季温度空间分布的同向性变化北疆最大,天山山区居中,南疆最小;夏季温度空间反向变化南疆和天山山区较大,北疆较小;③夏季温度的年代际变化趋势不同,天山山区持续增温,北疆波动增温,南疆变化稳定;④三种夏季增温的覆盖范围以最低温度为最广,其增温率天山山区最大,南疆最小,北疆居中。     

太原市灰霾期间黑碳气溶胶形貌与成分分析

为掌握太原市冬季灰霾发生期间黑碳气溶胶形貌特征和化学成分变化特点,分别于2011-12-30 T 08:00至2012-01-01 T 04:00和2018-11-25 T 08:00至2018-11-27 T 04:00灰霾发生期间在山西大学环境与资源学院楼顶使用MAY七级冲击式颗粒采样器每隔4 h采集空气动力学直径...