三峡库区千将坪滑坡失稳探讨

千将坪滑坡是三峡水库二期蓄水到139m高程水位期间发生的特大型滑坡,也是三峡库区近年来发生的规模较大的滑坡,受到了多方面的关注。滑体物质组成包括上部为残坡积粘土夹碎石和老滑坡堆积体、下部为沙镇溪组泥质粉砂岩两部分,沿基岩软层顺层下滑。根据滑动特征,可划分为顺层滑动、切层剪出以及滑覆堵江和过江反冲区三个区。本文重点研究了降雨、水库蓄水以及组合因素下滑坡稳定性变化特征。在蓄水前自然状态下,整体稳定系数K=1.18。未蓄水时暴雨状态下,稳定系数K=0.97,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低20.9%;仅考虑蓄水而未降雨时,滑坡的稳定系数K=0.99,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低18.3%;在蓄水到134m 强暴雨状态下,稳定系数K=0.93,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低24.8%。反映了蓄水和降雨二者的组合对滑坡失稳影响是非常明显的。     

CFG桩复合地基桩土应力比分析

根据工程软弱土层进行复合地基处理后的静载荷试验结果,对CFG桩、桩间土荷载分担及桩土应力比随外荷载的变化规律进行了分析,提出了本次试验的极限桩土应力比。这些试验结果和分析结论对指导西南地区软弱土地基处理与加固有一定的参考价值。     

Determination of active units with different kinematic property and their activity pattern in North China based on the data from GPS remeasurements

Based on the high-accuracy data obtained from the GPS measurements carried out in 1992, 1995 and 1996, the isochronous active units with different kinematic property inside the North China area have been distinguished, 4 active units and 1 transition zone with distinct differential movement have been determined. They are Ordos-Yinshan unit, Yanshan unit, Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong (Jin-Ji-Lu) unit, Jiaodong-Liaoning-Shandong (Jiao-Liao-Lu) unit and Yanshan-Hebei (Yan-Ji) transition zone. The relative movements among the neighboring units in this period have been given. 1 The compressive movement between Ordos-Yinshan unit and Yanshan unit is not obvious with an amount of 0.4±1.3 mm/a. 2 Jin-Ji-Lu unit moves E40°S off the Ordos-Yinshan unit and the magnitude is 4.4±1.0 mm/a. 3 Relative to the Yan-Ji transition zone of differential movement, Yanshan unit shifts W38°N with a value of 2.4±1.3 mm/a and Jin-Ji-Lu unit moves eastward 35° by south with an amount of 2.3±0.9 mm/a. 4 Jin-Ji-Lu unit has a tensional left-lateral movement of 4.7±1.4 mm/a in the direction of E37°S relative to Yanshan unit. 5 Some area near Tanlu belt which is located in the southern part of Jin-Ji-Lu block has a southward movement 14° by west with a magnitude of 1.5±1.1 mm/a off the Jin-Ji-Lu unit. 6 Relative to Jin-Ji-Lu unit, Jiao-Liao-Lu unit has a trend of clockwise movement with a tensional right-lateral motion at the north end which neighbors Yanshan unit and a compressive motion at the south end. It should be noted that the errors given in the paper are obtained based on the divergence among the displacements of the sites in the unit, rather than the value calculated from the displacement error of the sites. The analyzed results indicate that: 1 Shanxi tectonic zone and Yan-Ji transition zone are the major tectonic active zones to show the frame and magnitude of interior relative movement in North China area, and others are the secondary tectonic active zones; 2 The complete horizontal deformation in the North China area is not homogeneous nor successive; 3 The kinetic model of North China area might be "mantle dragging plus boundary coupling". Foundation item: The National Key Basic Research Project Mechanism and Prediction of Continental Earthquakes (G1998040700).     

球面水平应变场无偏计算的实现与滤波

GNSS观测资料为研究地壳应变场提供了必要的依托,但如何较为完整或恰当地反映各种地壳应变信息仍存在缺陷.从连续变化的角度出发,在ITRF参考框架下水平运动场的基础上,借助于多核函数获得水平运动场的解析式,据此,利用球面上无偏差应变计算式给出应变场结果,再利用多核函数法进行空间滤波,最后给出了利用本方法进行应变计算的实际算例.该方法有如下特点:①适用于各种空间尺度的地壳应变场描述,并且全面而又客观;②根据不同的需求和实际资料情况可提取不同频谱及其以内的应变信息;③可对应变参量进行严密的精度评定;④由于获得了解析式,故可在此基础上进行更深入的分析与计算.     

面向地理国情监测数据管理研究

为建成地理国情普查、监测技术支撑体系,初步实现基础地理信息化,数据获取实时化,数据处理自动化,测绘产品多元化。建立国情监测数据管理的测绘体系构架,为社会提供多尺度、多形式、实时有效的地理信息综合服务,完善地理国情监测的指标体系和标准体系。本文对地理国情监测数据的管理进行了研究,探讨如何通过数据库的模式对地理国情监测数据进行高效能的管理。     

Does vertical seismic force play an important role for the failure mechanism of rock avalanches? A case study of rock avalanches triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008, Sichuan,China

The Wenchuan earthquake triggered 15,000 rock avalanches, rockfalls and debris flows, causing a large number of causalities and widespread damage. Similar to many rock avalanches, field investigations showed that tensile failure often occurred at the back edge. Some soil and rock masses were moved so violently that material became airborne. The investigation indicates that this phenomenon was due to the effect of a large vertical seismic motion that occurred in the meizoseismal area during the earthquake. This paper analyses the effect of vertical earthquake force on the failure mechanism of a large rock avalanche using the Donghekou rock avalanche as an example. This deadly avalanche, which killed 780 people, initiated at an altitude of 1,300 m and had a total run-out distance of 2,400 m. The slide mass is mainly composed of Sinian limestone and dolomite limestone, together with Cambrian slate and phyllite. Static and dynamic stability analysis on the Donghekou rock avalanche has been performed using FLAC finite difference method software, under the actual seismic wave conditions as recorded on May 12, 2008. The results show that the combined horizontal and vertical peak acceleration caused a higher reduction in slope stability factor than horizontal peak acceleration alone. In addition, a larger area of tensile failure at the back edge of the avalanche was generated when horizontal and vertical peak acceleration were combined than when only horizontal acceleration was considered. The force of the large vertical component of acceleration was the main reason rock and soil masses became airborne during the earthquake.     

GNSS垂向形变场信息提取的尝试

一定条件下GNSS流动复测资料可为我们揭示地形变提供必要的依托,但由于垂向分量观测误差较大而没有被恰当地利用。利用华北地区1999-2007年的4期资料,从形变场的连续变化角度出发,提出了利用多核函数进行解析与滤波的方法,理论与结：器表明：①可获得垂直运动场的数学解析;②可实现对垂向运动场不同层次的滤波与信息分离;③当流动测站具有一定的空间密度、一定数量的复测结果和时间长度则可获得较可靠的形变信息。最后利用华北地区GNSS流动观测资料给出了实际算例与初步分析结果。     

3月份在南海生成的1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”的移动特征及成因分析

1949 ～2011年中国气象局台风年鉴资料统计结果表明,在南海生成的热带气旋,1、2月份仅在1965年出现1次,而3月份没有热带风暴强度级别以上的热带气旋生成,1201号强热带风暴“帕卡”是首个3月份在南海生成的强热带风暴,本文指出“帕卡”具有生成时间偏早、移动速度慢等显著特征,其平均移动速度仅为1.6 m/s.利用Nino 3.4区3月表层水温滑动平均资料、分辨率为2.5°×2.5°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、分辨率为1°×1°的NOAA OI表层水温资料,分析了“帕卡”生成原因,结果表明2011年秋冬季拉尼娜事件引起次年3月赤道西北太平洋及南海表层水温较多年平均偏高,其中南海中部表层水温较多年平均偏高0.5℃以上;3月份副高脊线偏北,弱冷空气南下产生的冷涌作为CISK的启动源;南海中南部上空对流活跃,跨赤道气流强劲;低层垂直风切小于5 m/s等有利因素促进了“帕卡”生成.分析结果为春季热带气旋的预报提供有意义的参考.     

北京天津地区垂直形变剖面复测结果的GPS检验

利用北京和天津地区的28个GPS连续观测站资料（资料截至2008年8月）计算得到的垂直向时序结果,分析各个GPS连续观测站垂向分量的变化特征,计算得到2007～2008年北京天津地区GPS站垂直运动速率,并与水准测量计算得到的2007～2008首都圈地区垂直形变速率进行比较;通过寻找水准测量路线附近的GPS站点,相应于水准的初测和复测时段,计算得到GPS路线剖面图,将GPS与水准2个时段的剖面结果进行对比分析。通过水准和GPS结果的这种“由面到线”的综合比较分析,得出初步的结论：从趋势上看,GPS与水准的结果是相似的,GPS结果同样反映了2008年北京东南附近区域有隆升的迹象,但量值比水准结果小,水准结果所反映的“南升北降”的特征在GPS结果中得到一定程度的验证和体现。     

基于带状震源破裂机制的斜坡动力响应

对紧邻发震断裂带的崩滑体进行动力响应分析时,考虑断裂带宏观破裂机制,即带状震源形成的地震动力作用对斜坡的影响更符合实际。依据汶川地震震源破裂机制与其空间位置差异,将该带状震源从发震断裂起破点至终破点依次分段为逆冲震源、逆冲兼少量走滑震源、逆冲兼走滑震源与走滑兼少量逆冲震源,基于此对汶川地震触发的四川安县大光包崩滑体在龙门山发震断裂带即带状震源作用下的动力响应特征进行了离散元数值模拟,揭示了其动力形成机制、触发主控因素和损伤、崩滑及堆积动态特征。研究表明：（1）依据该崩滑体离散元数值模型临界崩滑状态形成时间与此时发震断裂带破裂前锋所处位置关系,可判断其临界破坏是受到逆冲兼少量走滑震源引起的地震动力作用所致,而临界崩滑之前的坡体损伤主要由纯逆冲震源所致,其后的抛射碰撞破碎与堆积则主要受临界破坏时的地震惯性力和自身重力耦合作用所致,但由逆冲兼走滑与走滑兼少量逆冲震源形成的地震力仅对上述两个破坏过程起到了一定影响;（2）该崩滑体在带状震源作用下的动力响应过程为：在损伤至崩滑临界破坏阶段,坡体整体向其临空面发生了较大程度的水平位移后,潜在滑床又向坡体临空面反方向发生了一定程度的水平位移,致使潜在滑体完全破碎并处于与滑床彻底分离的临界状态;在坡体崩滑抛射阶段,坡体滑床发生了相当规模的反方向水平位移,其后滑床又开始做向坡体临空面方面的水平位移并直至其总体位移为0,而在此过程中竖向位移相对较小。对滑体而言,其在损伤、临界崩滑和抛射阶段则主要做向其临空面的水平位移,直至堆积自稳阶段其位移趋于稳定;（3）该坡体的损伤和临界崩滑破坏主要受纯逆冲震源及其少量走滑震源形产生的水平地震力作用所致,而在坡体抛射碰撞破碎与堆积阶段,滑体的动力响应主要是基于地形因素控制上的地震惯性力与自身重力作用所致,而后两种类型震源机制形成的水平和竖向地震力仅起到一定影响。