中国南方地区水系沉积物中元素丰度

从中国南方12个省自治区230万km2面积上所采集的水系沉积物中按每1∶5万图幅一个组合样的密度组合成5 244件组合样,采用以ICP-MS、ICP-AES和XRF为主的先进的分析测试方法和严格的质量控制方法,准确测试了其中的76种元素。统计计算了中国南方地区76种元素的平均值,给出了中国南方地区水系沉积物中76种元素...     

机载雷达高度计对海况及海面风速的测量研究

运用我国自行研制的ＺＨＧ－１型Ｘ波段机载雷达高度计于１９９５年４月１３日－４月１８日在青岛附近海域进行的海上飞行实验数据，及导出的均方根波高、有效波高、均方根波陡算法模型，得到了上述海况参数值。     

基于信号包络线相似性的特定场地地下爆炸识别方法研究

基于信号包络线相似性, 本文提出了特定场地地下爆炸的识别方法, 并将其用于一个特定场地地震事件分析, 以评估该方法对特定场地爆炸事件的识别效果. 结果表明, 在误警率约为6.3%的情况下, 事件间距小于15 km的爆炸事件漏检率约为0.5%, 事件间距在15—30 km范围内的爆炸事件漏检率约为5.0%. 与波形互相关方法相比, 本文方法大幅扩大了有效识别特定场地爆炸事件的空间范围.      

Mechanical behavior and micro-structure of cement kiln dust-stabilized expensive soil

In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days.     

孔径分布对软黏土渗透特性的影响分析

用单向固结仪对取自不同地区的三种软黏土原状样和重塑样分别开展了固结渗透试验,得到不同土样的固结曲线和压缩曲线,推算土样在不同固结压力下的渗透系数。试验结果表明:相同应力时,土体的结构性使原状样的渗透系数明显大于相应重塑样的渗透系数,且随着固结压力的增大,两者的差距逐渐减小;原状样和重塑样的渗透系数与孔隙比的变化模式基本一致,但同一孔隙比下原状样的渗透系数大于相应的重塑样的渗透系数,比较浦东软黏土原状样和重塑样在相近孔隙比下的孔径分布曲线后确认:这是由于它们的孔径大小及分布存在明显差异引起的,且通过比较相同孔隙比下原状样和重塑样的大孔隙体积含量可合理地解释上述试验结果。最后,用简单表述土体的孔径大小及分布(土体的组构)的参考孔隙比e*10对多种软黏土的渗透指数Ck进行整理后,发现多种软黏土的原状样和重塑样均为一条相关度极高的ck-e*10直线,说明用参考孔隙比e*10可很好地反映土体的组构对软黏土渗透特性的影响。     

中—β尺度强对流风暴和暴雨数值模拟中的一些问题

本文利用数值模拟方法探讨各环境背景因子对强对流及暴雨系统发生发展所起的作用，分析了暴雨和强对流风暴的形成机制。结果表明：温度场和湿度场的垂直分布，决定着对流是否可以形成；其水平非均匀性只是改变风暴发展强度、生命期以及分裂特性。风场的动力影响对强风暴的移动、分裂及强度特征也十分重要。最后，对第三运动方程做了量纲分析，发现热浮力是对流风暴发展的决定性因素；而热浮力冲量能更细致地反映对流风暴的发展演变特征。     

Regional difference in social capital and its impact on regional economic growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development. China is a country with high stocks of social capital. Using several different indicators of social capital, this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978–2004. Measuring social capital with indicators of associations, charities and blood donation rates, this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China. Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance. Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth. This relationship exists after controlling policy, macro location factors, and per capita GDP in the initial year. The empirical findings indicate that institutions, culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China. Therefore, the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.     

黔西南纳哥金矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

黔西南纳哥金矿地质地球化学特征及成因探讨余大龙，毛健全，潘年勋，杜定权（贵州工学院，贵阳５５０００３）关键词微细浸染型金矿，地质地球化学，成因，黔西南１地质背景纳哥金矿共有矿体１７个，普查储量６ｔ（其中＞３ｇ／ｔ的约１．２ｔ）１）。矿区位于贞丰县城东...     

Risk assessment of maize drought disaster in southwest China using the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model

The East Asian monsoon has a tremendous impact on agricultural production in China. An assessment of the risk of drought disaster in maize-producing regions is therefore important in ensuring a reduction in such disasters and an increase in food security. A risk assessment model, EPIC(Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model, for maize drought disasters based on the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator crop model is proposed for areas with the topographic characteristics of the mountainous karst region in southwest China. This region has one of the highest levels of environmental degradation in China. The results showed that the hazard risk level for the maize zone of southwest China is generally high. Most hazard index values were between 0.4 and 0.5,accounting for 47.32% of total study area. However,the risk level for drought loss was low. Most of the loss rate was 0.1, accounting for 96.24% of the total study area. The three high-risk areas were mainlydistributed in the parallel ridge–valley areas in the east of Sichuan Province, the West Mountain area of Guizhou Province, and the south of Yunnan Province.These results provide a scientific basis and support for the reduction of agricultural drought disasters and an increase in food security in the southwest China maize zone.     

Effectiveness of grass strips in trapping suspended sediments from runoff

Little information is available concerning the performance of grass strips for erosion control from steep cropland. An experiment was conducted on 5‐m‐long grass strips with slopes of 3°～15° that were subjected to silt laden runoff and simulated rainfall, to investigate the sediment trapping processes. The grass strips had three treatments including intact grass control (C), no litter (dead grass material covering the soil surface was removed) (NL), and no litter or leaves (only 2～3 cm grass stems and roots were reserved) (NLL). Generally the grass strips had a high effectiveness in trapping sediment from steep cropland runoff. Sediment trapping efficiency (STE) decreased with increasing slope gradient, and even for a 15° slope, STE was still more than 40%. Most sediment deposited in the backwater region before each grass strips. The removal of grass litter or/and leaves had no significant influence on STE. The sediment median size (D₅₀) in inflow was greater than that in outflow, and the difference (ΔD₅₀) decreased with increasing slope. A positive power relationship between STE and ΔD₅₀ can be obtained. Grass strips were more effective in trapping sediments coarser than 10 or 25 µm, but sediments finer than 1 µm were more readily removed from runoff than particles in the range of 2 to approximately 10 µm. Grass litter had less influence on flow velocity than leaves because the deposited sediment partially covered the litter layer. Mean flow velocity and its standard deviation were negatively correlated with STE, and they can help make good estimation of STE. Results from this study should be useful in planting and managing forage grass to effectively conserve soil loss by runoff from steep slopes on the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.