Using 4C OBS to reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates at the northern continental slope of South China Sea

To investigate the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates in the northern continental slope of South China Sea, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey conducted four-component (4C) ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) surveys. A case study is presented to show the results of acquiring and processing OBS data for detecting gas hydrates. Key processing steps such as repositioning, reorientation, PZ summation, and mirror imaging are discussed. Repositioning and reorientation find the correct location and direction of nodes. PZ summation matches P- and Z-components and sums them to separate upgoing and downgoing waves. Upgoing waves are used in conventional imaging, whereas downgoing waves are used in mirror imaging. Mirror imaging uses the energy of the receiver ghost reflection to improve the illumination of shallow structures, where gas hydrates and the associated bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are located. We developed a new method of velocity analysis using mirror imaging. The proposed method is based on velocity scanning and iterative prestack time migration. The final imaging results are promising. When combined with the derived velocity field, we can characterize the BSR and shallow structures; hence, we conclude that using 4C OBS can reveal the distribution and velocity attributes of gas hydrates.     

地质雷达在活动断裂研究中的应用

对于快速发生沉积和侵蚀的地区,断裂附近的古地震遗迹会很快被掩埋。获取这些地区断裂的位置、上断点的埋深和标志层的断距等方面的数据至关重要。本文利用地质雷达探测技术探测这些被埋藏的古地震遗迹。以北京平原区正断性质的新夏垫断裂和青藏高原东北缘六盘山地区逆冲性质的六盘山东麓断裂为实验区。通过探测发现,对于断裂两侧地表覆盖层主要为粉土或粉质粘土的新夏垫断裂,地质雷达可精确定位断裂通过的位置,指示上断点的埋深,但无法在地质雷达剖面上识别出各套地层。对于在T1基座阶地上通过的六盘山东麓断裂,地质雷达不但可以精确定位断裂的位置,而且可以在地质雷达剖面上识别出各套地层,进而求得断裂两侧基座的断距。     

民国时期滇西南地区三次强震补充调查

本文通过对民国时期发生在滇西南地区的1938年5月14日澜沧MS6.0级、1941年5月16日耿马MS7.0级和1941年12月26日澜沧MS7.0级3次地震历史资料的系统收集和整理,并在前人已有研究的基础上,通过现场采访和补充调查获得的新资料,修改和完善了这3次地震的等震线图和极震区范围,并结合该区地形地貌特征和断裂最新活动性研究结果,综合分析评述了其发震构造特征。结果表明,这3次强震发生在腾冲-澜沧新生地震带附近,分别与黑河断裂、南汀河断裂西支及澜沧断裂勐遮段的新活动密切相关。     

Heterogeneous strain regime in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications

The eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau is one of the most active zones of tectonic deformation and seismicity in China. To monitor strain buildup and benefit seismic risk assessment, we constructed 14 survey-mode global position system(GPS) stations throughout the northwest of Longmenshan fault. A new GPS field over 1999–2011 is derived from measurements of the newly built and pre-existing stations in this region. Sequentially,two strain rate fields, one preceding and the other following the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, are obtained using the Gausian weighting approach. Strain field over1999–2007 shows distinct strain partitioning prior to the2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, with compression spreading over around Longmenshan area. Strain field derived from the two measurements in 2009 and 2011 shows that the area around Longmenshan continues to be under striking compression, as the pattern preceding the Wenchuan earthquake, implying a causative factor of the sequent of 2013 MW6.7 Lushan earthquake. Our GPSderived dilatation shows that both the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes occurred within the domain of pronounced contraction. The GPS velocities demonstrate that the Longriba fault underwent slight motion with the faultnormal and-parallel rates at 1.0 ± 2.5 mm and 0.3 ± 2.2 mm/a; the Longmenshan fault displayed slow activity, with a fault-normal rate at 0.8 ± 2.5 mm/a, and a fault-parallel rate at 1.8 ± 1.7 mm/a. Longriba fault is on a par with Longmenshan fault in strain partitioning to accommodate the southeastward motion of eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Integrated analysis of principal strain tensors, mean principal stress, and fast directions of mantle anisotropy shows that west of Sichuan is characterized as mechanically strong crust-mantle coupling.     

甘肃大地电场的变化特征分析

对甘肃省平凉、松山、古丰、山丹、高台、嘉峪关、瓜州7个台站的地电场分钟值、小时值的日变特征进行了对比,对2012年3月地电场小时值进行了频谱分析,同时结合地磁场H分量、分量应变(固体潮)进行了对比分析。结果表明:1地电场静日的日变化都很明显,呈明显"双峰"和"单谷"形态,并且NS向与EW向变化形态基本相同;各台站同测向及相互之间的自相关系数基本在0.85;不同台站之间同测向的相关系数多数在0.75以上;这是地磁场H分量与固体潮共同影响的结果。2通过频谱分析各台站的优势周期主要以12h和8h为主,但存在差异性,谱值最大相差20倍。3各台站的日变幅也不尽相同,其中,差异性主要表现为与地磁场和固体潮影响量的差异性,并与台站的位置、地质构造、电性结构、浅层电阻率等有很大关系。     

Chronological constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Chinese Tianshan Orogen through detrital zircons from modern and palaeo-river sands

The Chinese Tianshan Orogen marks prolonged and complicated interactions between the southwestern Palaeo-Asian Ocean and surrounding blocks. New and previously published detrital zircon chronological data from modern and palaeo-river sands were compiled to reveal its tectonic evolution. It is characterized by predominant Palaeozoic as well as minor Mesozoic and Precambrian detrital zircon ages with a multimodal characteristic. The oldest Phanerozoic zircon population (peaking at 475 Ma) is a result of subduction and closure of the early Palaeozoic Terskey Ocean. However, the absence of this peak in the Chinese North and southern South Tianshan suggests that subductions of the North and South Tianshan oceans may not have initiated until the Late Ordovician with subsequent 460–390 and 360–320 Ma arc magmatism. Similar to the magmatic suite in classic collisional orogens, the youngest massive 320–270 Ma magmatism is suggested to be post-collisional. The North and South Tianshan oceans therefore probably had their closure to form the Chinese Tianshan Orogen during the late Carboniferous. The weak Mesozoic intra-plate magmatism further rejects a late Permian–Triassic Tianshan Orogen due to a lack of extensive syn- and post-collisional magmatism. Moreover, diverse Precambrian detrital zircon age patterns indicate that the surrounding blocks have distinct evolutionary processes with short-term amalgamation during the Meso- to Neoproterozoic.     

Association between air pollution and chronic diseases among the elderly in China

With the development of Chinese economies, air pollution is becoming more and more serious, which greatly affects the residents’ daily life and health. Meanwhile, China’s aging population is growing rapidly and bringing a number of social problems. We used the data of CHARLS and analyzed the relationships between air pollution and chronic diseases among the elderly in China. The results showed that air pollution had significant adverse effects on the health of the elderly, especially on diabetes and heart diseases. The subgroup analysis showed that female is more sensitive to air pollution than male, while different age groups are significantly sensitive to different chronic diseases.     

城市医疗设施空间分布合理性评估

随着经济发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,城市居民对健康的重视程度不断的增加,医疗设施作为城市中不可或缺的公共设施发挥着越来越重要的作用。城市的不断扩张导致医疗机构的分布已不能适应当前的城市规模,如何能够将有限的医疗资源进行合理的分配,并能在最大程度上满足居民的需求成为当下研究热点。本研究基于地理信息系统（GIS）空间分析技术,根据统计资料建立武汉市中心城区交通网络、医疗机构分布、人口等数据库,分别从可达性和公平性角度评价武汉市医疗设施的空间分布合理性,并利用地理空间可达性评估法和基于交通网络行进时间成本法分别对武汉市中心城区医疗设施可达性进行评价。就医可达性评估显示,武汉市居民就医便捷程度总体上较好,并以长江和汉江的交界地区为中心,呈四周放射状分布。通过引入需求指数、医疗机构规模、区域人口、人均可支配收入等指标,利用基尼系数、空间相关性和空间分层异质性评价医疗服务设施空间分布公平性。结果表明,武汉市医疗机构分布按人口分布合理,医疗机构主要集中分布在人口密集的主城区;地理分布上城郊地区医疗机构相对稀少。最后,依据可达性和公平性评价结果,对武汉市医疗设施布局提出合理化建议。在城市规划发展中,应更多考虑改善郊区等交通欠发达区域居民的就医条件,从而完善城市医疗设施分布。     

耿达短水准观测资料在汶川M_S8.0地震前后异常的辨别

耿达短水准AB测线观测资料2006—2007年出现了累计4.59mm的张性变化,但同时段该场地A点附近进行建筑施工,这引起了该变化是否属于汶川地震前兆异常的争论.通过对耿达短水准场地现场地质和观测环境考察,在综合分析观测资料和场地内建筑施工有关信息的基础上,使用岩土力学分析程序计算施工对A点点位的影响的数值解.结果显示,建筑施工导致了约3.6mm的竖向沉降,这与同时段短水准观测的A点点位的变化幅度相似,发展趋势一致.认为耿达短水准AB测线测值从2006—2007年出现的变化是由于A点附近建筑施工影响所致.本文还对耿达短水准观测的2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震同震变化进行了分析,认为A点位于很厚的洪积扇上,当汶川地震发生时,在强烈地震动的作用下,洪积层内部空隙结构产生崩溃性破坏,从而形成地表的下沉,其沉降幅度与类似烈度条件下黄土场地的沉降幅度相当.