Recent catastrophic debris flows in Luding county, SW China: geological hazards, rainfall analysis and dynamic characteristics

About 127 debris flow gullies have been identified, and debris flows have been an important type of geological hazards in Luding County, affecting cities, towns, rural areas, scenic spots and human’s engineering projects, such as mining and waterpower utilizing equipments. In this summary paper, recent two catastrophic debris flow events occurred on June 30, 2005, in Chuni town, in the central of the county, and on August 11, 2005, in Hailuogou scenic spot, in the southwest of the county, respectively, are reviewed. The debris flow events are introduced on the basis of field investigation and RS interpretation and the triggering factors for flow occurrence are identified. Furthermore, the rainfall related to flow occurrence including antecedent rainfall and intraday rainfall is analyzed, and a power-law function which can be used as a basic warning line is established based on both antecedent effective rainfall and intraday rainfall. Then dynamic parameters such as flow velocity and flow discharge are calculated, respectively. Through comparison and discussion, some conclusions are made including (1) The antecedent rainfall played an important role for debris flows which generated predominately based on the slope-instability due to the saturated loose sediments; (2) Despite slower flow velocity and smaller magnitude, the slope-type debris flows just like 2005-6-30 debris flows usually lead to serious damages for the difficulty to forecast and to prevent; (3) The mistaken recognition on debris flow hazards and lack of prevention consciousness strengthen the hazard and damage degree. This research is of certain significance for the prevention and mitigation of debris flow hazards and for the planning of the town building and tourism development in the future.     

Seasonal Variation of MODIS Vegetation Indexes and Their Statistical Relationship With Climate Over the Subtropic Evergreen Forest in Zhejiang, China

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 16-day 1-km vegetation index products, daily temperature, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and precipitation from 2001 to 2004 were utilized to analyze the temporal variations of the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI), as well as their correlations with climate over the evergreen forested sites in Zhejiang-a humid subtropical region in the southeast of China. The results showed that both NDVI and EVI could discern the seasonal variation of the evergreen forests. Attributed to the sufficient precipitation in the study area, the growth of vegetation is mainly controlled by energy; as a result, NDVI, and especially EVI, is more correlated with temperature and PAR than precipitation. Compared with NDVI, EVI is more sensitive to climate condition and is a better indicator to study vegetation variations in the study region     

碳酸岩与铂族元素地球化学

碳酸岩（carbonatite）被视为一种研究大陆地幔地球化学的“探针岩石”,通过对这类岩石的研究,在探讨地幔组成与演化、地幔交代作用与不均一性以及岩浆形成的动力学背景、岩浆来源及演化和有关矿产的成矿作用等方面,具有重要的理论意义和实际价值。铂族元素（Platinum—group elements,简称PGE）在研究核-幔分异、地幔组成与演化以及幔源岩石（主要为基性-超基性岩）形成的大地构造背景、岩浆起源及演化,以及探讨K／T界线与陨石撞击事件等方面具有重要意义。本文在概述国内外碳酸岩和PGE地球化学研究现状的基础上,结合地质事实和地球化学研究成果,认为碳酸岩熔体具有一定携带PGE的能力,可利用PGE地球化学来探讨碳酸岩的源区特征和岩浆形成与演化过程;同时指出,碳酸岩PGE地球化学研究过程中还存在许多悬而未决的科学问题。     

大地电场变化的频谱特征

处理了中国大陆地区嘉峪关、昌黎、崇明、蒙城、兴济、宝坻和阳原等7个台的地电场观测数据,应用最大熵谱方法研究了大地电场日变化、地电暴等谱成分的特征. 结果表明,大地电场日变化主要是12 h的半日波成分最强, 24~25 h的全日波和8 h周期成分次之; 地电暴是在大尺度空间同步发生的,其谱值高于日变化谱值约2～3个数量级,主要以较长周期成分为主. 这一结果初步解释了大地电场变化的主要谱成分的生成机制.      

致密星的X射线辐射时延现象

能谱仅反映了高能天体辐射的部分性质，而高能X射线辐射的时变可以反映致密天体的动态性质。因此，在构造高能辐射的理论模型时，既要考虑X辐射的能谱性质，也要考虑其时变性质。特别对高能天体X辐射的快速光变，一般认为其发生在致密天体附近，致密天体快速光变的研究可以揭示出致密天体附近的物理性质，因此，时变可以对X辐射模型给以很强的限制。X射线源不同能量光子到达观测者的时间差称为X射线辐射的时延。介绍了高能X辐射时变中的时延分析方法及其最新发展，综述了致密双星系统中黑洞侯选林和中子星的时延现象，并简单介绍了为解释这些现象所发展的模型，以及时延对模型的限制。     

火山气候学的研究进展

从资料、诊断分析和数值模拟等方面系统回顾了火山气候学的研究进展，并指出了火山气候学研究的一些重要问题。     

地幔橄榄岩矿物中富稀土元素的CO2流体包裹体及其地球化学意义

五个无水尖晶石橄榄岩（两个富含ＣＯ２流体包裹体,三个含ＣＯ２流体包裹体）的全岩和单矿物稀土元素中子活化分析结果,证实了ＬＲＥＥ在ＣＯ２流体包裹体中富集。富含ＣＯ２流体包裹体的全岩,斜方辉石和单斜辉石比相应不含ＣＯ２流体包裹体的,其ＬＲＥＥ分别高出１１倍,５９倍和３２倍。前是在经历了较大程度部分熔融之后的亏损地幔,又受富ＣＯ２流体的强烈交代作用。后刚为经历低程度熔融作用与富集过程,并可能导致地幔     

南水北调东线水质污染和湖泊水生经济的系统分析

本文讨论了我国南水北调东线水质污染的产生及其对调水水质的影响,同时对调水区域内工业排水与治理经济模式和湖泊水生经济系统的最优化分析进行了探论.     

遥感技术在高寒山区1:25万区域地质调查中的应用研究

针对高寒山区1：25万区调野外工作条件差、时间短,植被覆盖度低、遥感影像质量好的特点,提出了遥感影像解释、遥感标志剖面解译新概念,以及不同工作区用不同大法的新思路。研究、实践认为,利用遥感技术开展高寒山区区域地质调查能减少野外工作量,缩短周期,节约经费,提高调查质量和精度。     

Trace-element study and uranium-lead dating of perovskite from the Afrikanda plutonic complex, Kola Peninsula (Russia) using LA-ICP-MS

The U-Pb geochronology of perovskite is a powerful tool in constraining the emplacement age of silica-undersaturated rocks. The trace-element and U-Pb isotopic compositions of perovskite from clinopyroxenite and silicocarbonatite from the Afrikanda plutonic complex (Kola, Russia) were determined by laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass-spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). In addition, the Sr isotopic composition of perovskite was measured by isotope-dilution mass-spectrometry to better constrain the relations between its host rocks. Perovskite from the two rock types shows a different degree of enrichment in Na, Mg, Mn, Pb, Fe, Al, V, rare-earth elements, Zr, Hf, Th, U and Ta. The perovskite ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values are within analytical uncertainty of one another and fall within the range of mantle values. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages (corrected for common lead using ²⁰⁷Pb-method) of perovskite from silicocarbonatite statistically yield a single population with a weighted mean of 371?±?8 Ma (2σ; MSWD?=?0.071). This age is indistinguishable, within uncertainty, to the clinopyroxenite weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 374?±?10 Ma (2σ; MSWD?=?0.18). Our data are in good agreement with the previous geochronological study of the Afrikanda complex. The observed variations in trace-element composition of perovskite from silicocarbonatite and clinopyroxenite indicate that these rocks are not related by crystal fractionation. The Sr isotopic ratios and the fact that the two rocks are coeval suggest that they were either produced from a single parental melt by liquid immiscibility, or from two separate magmas derived at different degrees of partial melting from an isotopically equilibrated, but modally complex mantle source.