Education and training for integrated coastal zone management in Europe

This paper provides an overview of the current situation of education and training for ICZM in Europe. This overview results from the analysis of the general characteristics, contents and orientation of a significant number of courses from a representative set of countries and international organizations in Europe. This type of comparatively systematic information provides a framework within which education and training efforts can be meaningfully evaluated from a regional perspective. Based on the survey conclusions, the paper reflects on the level of interconnection between the way in which ICZM is currently taught in Europe and the capacity needs arising from the scenario in which it takes place. In view of such scenario, and in order to advance ICZM practice in Europe, some broad recommendations to enhance education and training efforts are finally provided.     

Terminal velocities of pure and hydrate coated CO2 droplets and CH4 bubbles rising in a simulated oceanic environment

Understanding the upward motion of CO₂ droplets or CH₄ bubbles in oceanic waters is prerequisite to predict the vertical distribution of the two most important greenhouse gases in the water column after these have been released from the seabed. One of the key parameters governing the fate of droplets or bubbles dissolving into the surrounding seawater as they rise, is the terminal velocity, u_T. The latter is strongly influenced by the ability of both compounds to form skins of gas hydrate, if pressure and temperature satisfy thermodynamic framework conditions. Experimental efforts aiming to elucidate the rise properties of CO₂ droplets and CH₄ bubbles and specifically the influence of hydrate skins open the possibility to obtain a parameterization of u_T applicable to both hydrate-coated and pure fluid particles of CH₄ and CO₂. With the present study, we report on experimentally determined terminal velocities of single CH₄ bubbles released to pressurized and temperature-regulated seawater. Hydrate skins were identified by high bubble sphericities and changed motion characteristics. Based on these experiments as well as published data on the rise of hydrate-coated and pure liquid CO₂ droplets and physical principles previously successfully used for clean bubbles near atmospheric pressures, a new parameterization of u_T is proposed. Model predictions show a good agreement with the data base established from the laboratory-based measurements.     

贻贝对麻痹性贝类毒素的蓄积代谢研究进展

麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PSTs)能够导致贝类、鱼类等海洋生物染毒或死亡,危害海洋生态安全及人类健康.其中,贻贝具有强蓄积性特点,在国外可作为PSTs的指示性生物.近年来,我国因食用贻贝造成多起PSTs中毒事件成为安全关注重点,因此急需弄清其风险形成机理.本文通过综述我国近...     

Distribution and Origin of Hydrocarbons on a Transarctic Transect

The paper summarizes results on the content and composition of aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCs) in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas obtained in 2015–2018. It was established that the “losses” in HC concentrations in surface waters in the river (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Khatanga, Indigirka, Kolyma) and seawater mixing zone in some cases exceeded their river removal by 90%. The composition of HCs in surface waters depends on the characteristics of the river catchment area, sampling season. and time of day (high/low tide) and basically coincides with the SPM distribution. In the pelagic zone of the seas, the HC content is close to the background (2–7 μg/L). The influence of anthropogenic input was established only in the Gulf of Ob, where the composition of alkanes is close to oil with a HC content of 86 μg/mg SPM. In bottom sediments, the particle size distribution determines the HCs, and terrigenous n-alkanes play the dominant role in the molecular composition.

     

Altimetry Data Assimilation Into a Numerical Model of Ocean Dynamics in the South Atlantic

Oceanology - The data assimilation (DA) of satellite observations of the ocean level from the Archiving Validating and Interpolating Satellite Observations (AVISO) into the IWM model (G.I. Marchuk...     

On the Mechanisms of Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

Oceanology - In this paper we investigate the relationship between the long-term variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the intensity of deep convection in the...     

Thermohaline Anomalies and Fronts in the Black Sea and Their Relationship with the Vertical Fine Structure

Oceanology - Thermohaline anomalies in the upper 300-m layer at stations of the so-called “hundred-mile” ship sections over the line “coastal zone of Gelendzhik–central part...     

Experience of Studying the Turbulent Structure of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The growing relevance of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for studying turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is associated with...     

The influence of Stokes drift on oil spills: Sanchi oil spill case

Spilled oil floats and travels across the water’s surface under the influence of wind, currents, and wave action. Wave-induced Stokes drift is an important physical process that can affect surface water particles but that is currently absent from oil spill analyses. In this study, two methods are applied to determine the velocity of Stokes drift, the first calculates velocity from the wind-related formula based upon a one-dimensional frequency spectrum, while the second determines velocity directly from the wave model that was based on a two-dimensional spectrum. The experimental results of numerous models indicated that: (1) oil simulations that include the influence of Stokes drift are more accurate than that those do not; (2) for medium and long-term simulations longer than two days or more, Stokes drift is a significant factor that should not be ignored, and its magnitude can reach about 2% of the wind speed; (3) the velocity of Stokes drift is related to the wind but is not linear. Therefore, Stokes drift cannot simply be replaced or substituted by simply increasing the wind drift factor, which can cause errors in oil spill projections; (4) the Stokes drift velocity obtained from the two-dimensional wave spectrum makes the oil spill simulation more accurate.     

养殖贝类碳汇价格核算研究

养殖贝类是最有效的生物固碳方式之一,其碳汇功能作为海洋生态系统功能的一部分,兼具生态和经济属性,碳汇价格的核算可为海水贝类养殖产业补贴提供数据参考,提高碳汇养殖产业的生产积极性,对海洋GEP核算等提供一定借鉴。目前碳汇价格研究较为缺乏,碳汇价格受限于碳汇计量方法的不完善,因此文章基于碳储量变化原理,对养殖环境中的养殖贝类固碳基础公式进行改进,补充了附着贝类固碳与生物沉积物固碳两个计算参数,以此为切入点选取并改进海洋牧场碳汇定价方法,以东方云溪海洋牧场作为研究区进行案例计算,结果为：海湾扇贝、栉孔扇贝与褶牡蛎的碳汇价格分别为165元/t、185元/t和272元/t;使用改进后的碳汇计量方法得到的养殖贝类单位个体固碳量较高,其中生物沉积固碳对提高单位个体固碳量的作用最为突出,约占贝类自身固碳的91%,主要与养殖海域的水文条件有关;较高的固碳量形成了较低的碳汇价格,固碳量与成本收益因素共同影响养殖贝类的碳汇价格;长远来看,碳汇价格会随着固碳计量的愈加完善而降低。