Numerical study of upper ocean response to a typhoon moving zonally across the Luzon Strait

The Luzon Strait (LS) is a wide channel between Taiwan and the Luzon islands. Eastward of the LS, the Kuroshio Current (KC) flows northward along the eastern coasts of Luzon and Taiwan. A typhoon is a strong and localized low-pressure weather system that occurs frequently in the vicinity of the Taiwan area. One typical typhoon track, passing through the seas surrounding Taiwan, is a zonal path across the LS. The satellite measured SST, corresponding to typhoons Pabuk (5 Aug. 2007–12 Aug. 2007) and Dujuan (29 Aug. 2003–5 Sep. 2003), which both moved along this path, demonstrated that a classic right bias cooling occurs to the north of the storm track, during the typhoon forced period. However, some cold anomaly water also present toward left (south) of the storm track east of the LS in the relaxation period. This paper adopted a three-dimensional hydrostatic primitive equation model to study the possible causes of this southward transport of cold waters. Both model results and the observed SST anomaly revealed that the strength of the upper ocean cooling depends on whether a resonant regime between the typhoon winds and the near-inertial currents can be excited. To the east of the LS, the convergence between the warm Kuroshio water and the cold wakes in the poststorm period will enhance the southward spreading of cold anomaly water. The enhanced vertical mixing, induced by the southward propagation of nearly inertial waves associated with the cold wakes, can also produce some cold anomaly to the south of a storm track in the poststorm period. Both mechanisms can contribute to the occurrence of some cold anomaly water to the south of the storm track east of the KC. To the west of the LS, the convergence between the warm Kuroshio water and the cold upwelling water from the northern South China Sea can further strengthen the Kuroshio front in the LS.     

A laboratory study on the undrained strength of a silty sand from Central Western Taiwan

The sand deposit in Central Western Taiwan typically contained significant amounts of fines. The assessment of liquefaction potential using the simplified procedure often involved adjustment in field test results to account for the effects of fines. The available fines content (FC) adjustment methods are highly empirical and may lead to very different conclusions. The need and/or level of FC adjustment should be justified based on cyclic behavior of sand and its relationship with fines. This study made an attempt to provide that reference information for a silty sand commonly found in Central Western Taiwan. A series of isotropic consolidation, undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted Mai Liao Sand (MLS) with various FCs and densities. Concurrent shear wave velocities were measured using bender elements in some of the cyclic triaxial tests. This paper describes the geological background, the laboratory tests and their implications in the assessment of liquefaction potential for MLS.     

Dam overtopping risk assessment considering inspection program

Safety inspection of large dams in Taiwan is conducted every 5 years. The practice does not take into consideration uncertainty of dam conditions. The goal of this study is to determine the optimal dam inspection interval under the consideration of overtopping risk incorporating uncertainty gate availability. In earlier studies, assessment of overtopping risk only considered the uncertainties in reservoir properties and natural randomness of hydrologic events without giving much thought to the availability of spillway gates. As a result, the overtopping risk could be underestimated. In this study, an innovative concept is proposed to evaluate dam overtopping by taking into account spillway gate availability. The framework consists of three parts: (1) evaluation of conditional overtopping risk for different numbers of malfunctioning spillway gates; (2) evaluation of spillway gate availability; and (3) dam inspection scheduling. Furthermore, considerations are given to overtopping risk, inspection cost, and dam break cost for determining the optimal inspection schedule. The methodology is applied to the Shihmen Reservoir in Taiwan and to evaluate its time-dependent overtopping risk. Results show that overtopping risk considering the availability of the spillway gates is higher than the one without considering the availability of the spillway gates.     

镜儿泉矿区地裂缝分布特征与形成机制研究

金属矿山地下开采引起的地裂缝问题已成为一种严重的矿山地质环境灾害,受到越来越多的关注。镜儿泉矿区经过前期的浅孔留矿法开采产生了大范围的地面塌陷和地表裂缝,后又采用充填法开采以保障地表建筑物的安全。本文以现场调查和地表GPS监测数据为依据,从地表裂缝的形成和发展探讨了地裂缝的分布特征、变化规律和形成机制。研究结果为保障矿山的生产安全提供了依据。     

构造煤甲烷吸附表面能研究

煤的表面能是致使煤具有吸附性差异的根本原因。通过分析动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分的影响,借助甲烷等温吸附实验,计算了不同温度下随着压力增大,原生结构煤和构造煤吸附甲烷的煤表面能的变化情况,并从构造煤动力变质角度分析了其表面能变化的原因。结果表明：动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分改造作用明显,构造煤比共生的原生结构煤微孔隙更发育,吸附能力更强;计算结果也表明,随着温度的升高和压力的增大,构造煤吸附甲烷的表面能降低值均大于共生的原生结构煤,构造煤吸附甲烷的能力更强。     

云南个旧卡房铜多金属矿床流体包裹体特征及其地质意义

卡房铜多金属矿床位于云南省个旧锡多金属矿集区, 作为该区南段典型的铜多金属矿床, 其深入的成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源研究尚为薄弱, 限制了对该矿床成因的深入认识。本文对产于玄武岩中的似层状铜多金属矿体(主要成矿类型)开展了精细的野外岩相学、矿物学、C-H-O同位素及流体包裹体原位成分分析。结果显示, 流体包裹体主要为气液两相水溶液包裹体, 石英流体包裹体均一温度为 264.5~330.5 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为16.24%~18.20%、密度为0.853~0.924 g/cm3; 萤石流体包裹体均一温度为199.8~339.1 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为8.81%~18.88%、密度为0.822~0.955 g/cm3; 方解石流体包裹体均一温度为112.1~199.4 ℃、盐度w(NaCleq)为4.96%~10.86%、密度为0.910~1.011 g/cm3, 表明卡房铜多金属矿床成矿流体具有中低温、中低盐度、低密度特征, 且早阶段到晚阶段, 成矿温度和流体盐度明显降低。与Cu矿共生的石英δDV-SMOW值为–83.9‰ ~ –78.9‰, δ18OH2O值为4.63‰~12.14‰, 方解石δ13CV-PDB值为–7.11‰~ 0.64‰; 同时, 石英单个流体包裹体原位分析结果显示流体包裹体富集大离子亲石元素, 如Na、K、Rb、Cs、Sr等。这些特征暗示了流体可能来源于与花岗质岩浆有关的热液流体, 热液流体上升过程中与围岩碳酸盐岩发生强烈的水-岩反应; 该过程可能萃取了玄武岩层中的Cu物质, 诱发了Cu的富集并最终成矿。     

晋中南地区铝土矿矿物特征及其成因

铝土矿是生产金属铝的主要来源,用途广泛。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜–能谱、X射线衍射、红外及差热分析等手段,研究晋中南石炭系铝土矿矿物特征,分析主要矿物成因。结果表明,铝土矿中所含矿物主要是硬水铝石和高岭石,少量伊利石、绿泥石、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、针铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、石英、钾长石及方解石等。硬水铝石分隐晶–微晶碎屑、它形粒状晶体、短柱–鳞片状晶体3种类型,差热曲线吸热峰温度偏低,晶胞参数均值a为0.441 546 nm,b为0.945 445 nm,c为0.285 250 nm。硬水铝石主要由高岭石脱硅转变而成,少量为结晶成因。高岭石形成于温暖潮湿气候的风化过程中,部分为复硅化产物。锐钛矿形成于低温低压、TiO₂供应充足的环境中。赤铁矿由含水氧化铁矿物风化脱水形成,少部分为成矿早期沼泽相或海相沉积。石英、钾长石及一些重矿物为陆源碎屑来源。     

深反射地震揭示喜马拉雅地区地壳上地幔的复杂结构

报告了中、美两国在喜马拉雅山区进行的第一次深反射地震试验的结果．试验剖面南起喜马拉雅山山脊南亚东县的帕里镇,向北穿过喜马拉雅山脊的荡拉,到达康马南的萨马达．剖面长约１００ｋｍ．共中心点（ＣＭＰ）叠加剖面上显示出：１．在地壳中部有一强反射带,向北缓倾斜下去,延长达１００ｋｍ以上．它可能代表了一个活动的逆冲断裂或是一条巨大的拆离带,印度地壳整体或下地壳沿此拆离层俯冲到藏南之下．２．上部地壳的反射很丰富,显示了上地壳存在着大规模的叠瓦状结构．３．下地壳的反射同相轴呈现短而有规律的分布,显示了塑性流变特征．４．在测线南部莫霍反射明显,深度达７２－７５ｋｍ．发现南部有双莫霍层的存在．５．试验中还取得莫霍层下面３２,３８,４８ｓ等双程走时的多条反射,向北倾斜,反射同相轴延续较长,信息丰富,反映了上地幔的成层结构和变形特征．这些结果对印度大陆地壳整体或其下地壳俯冲到藏南特提斯喜马拉雅地壳之下,并导致西藏南端地壳增厚的观点,给予了实质性的支持．     

泥石流危险范围预测模型及在昆明东川城区的应用

结合泥石流危险范围模型实验数据,运用多元回归分析方法探讨了泥石流危险范围预测,并进行了误差分析。以昆明市东川城区后山3条泥石流沟为例,运用该模型对其危险范围进行了预测分析,为东川城区泥石流防灾提供了科学依据。     

大型构筑物GNSS监测多路径探测及消除方法研究

本文分析了多路径效应产生的原因及其信号特征,利用相同环境下,相邻周期相同时刻的GNSS观测数据多路径误差应有强相关性的特征,采用逐个观测历元差分和卡尔曼滤波相结合的方法来消弱多路径效应的影响,从而提高大型构筑物GNSS监测的成果精度。