可达性度量方法及应用研究进展评述

可达性一直是地理学、土木建筑工程设计、交通运输经济学等学科的研究热点。已有的各 种可达性度量方法目前已广泛应用于交通网络与城镇发展研究、交通基础设施的区域经济效应 评价、选址分析、园林景观规划、社会文化等多个研究领域。随着应用需求的持续加大和技术研究 的不断深入, 可达性度量方法也在快速发展, 其度量体系正在形成。本文首先从两个层面对可达 性的涵义进行全面阐述; 在此基础上, 从网络特性的角度对拓扑法、距离法、累积机会法、等值线 法、重力模型法、平衡系数法、时空法、效用法等目前常用的可达性度量方法进行系统分类, 并且 从可达性影响因素入手对各种度量方法进行综合比较与评述; 然后, 针对不同的应用领域, 对各 种度量方法的应用研究现状进行详细论述与剖析; 最后, 对可达性研究的发展方向进行深入讨论 与展望。     

绿洲城市化与生态环境互动作用关系研究进展

绿洲城市化与生态环境互动作用关系研究经历了萌芽、发展和多元化研究三个阶段。近年 来, 国内外学者继承了绿洲城市化与自然环境变迁关系的历史学分析, 多角度探讨了绿洲古城国 产生、繁荣和衰落过程中的自然因素和人为因素作用; 十分重视水资源约束下的流域绿洲城市化 研究, 基本确立水资源约束和上、中、下游协调发展为研究切入点; 非常注重绿洲城市化与生态环 境相互作用机理探究, 从中、长时间尺度分析了绿洲城市化与生态环境的耦合关系及其阶段性特 征; 广泛采用空间技术、复杂系统分析和数学分析等定量方法评估了城市化与生态环境的响应过 程; 普遍关注绿洲城市化对生态环境正负效应的辨析; 逐步加强对可持续绿洲城市化模式和对策 的探索, 并总结了绿洲城市化与生态环境协调发展的经验与教训。从研究趋势来看, 今后在研究 的可控性与对实践的指导性、多学科交叉研究和系统动态性研究等方面将得到加强。     

基于J2EE和ArcIMS的地质灾害危险性评估项目备案系统

本文对J2EE和ArcIMS的地质灾害危险性评估项目备案系统的总体框架结构、系统三层体系结构、模块化思想设计要点和实现的技术路线及关键技术。系统应用Struts技术、数据库技术、ArcIMS的WebGIS技术和网络技术,建立了通用地理信息功能与地质灾害危险性评估项目备案自动审批的分布式软件系统,实现了地质灾害危险性评估项目备案的自动审批、管理、分析、决策、发布的一体化平台。该系统为有关部门提供辅助决策支持和信息发布服务。     

The Influence of Two Kinds of El Niño Events on the Strong Tropical Cyclone Generation and Strength in the Pacific Ocean

This paper focuses on the effects of two types of El Niño events on tropical cyclone activity. We classified El Niño events from 1961 to 2015 according to their sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies into an eastern type and a central type. Then we selected strong tropical cyclones to statistically analyze the tropical cyclone characteristics during different events and their effects, as well as to study the possible mechanisms related to thermodynamic and dynamic factors. The tropical cyclone generation areas were found to be very similar during the two kinds of events. The average number of tropical cyclone in the eastern event is more than that in central event, and the hurricane in northeastern Pacific (HNP) has more energy than the typhoon in northwestern Pacific (TNP) in all cases. The seasonal distribution of the TNP high-incidence centers during central El Niño events is opposite to that of the HNP. The TNP accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) intensity is similar in the fall and summer, and the HNP ACE intensity in the summer is greater than that in the fall. The SSTs are consistent with the TNP and HNP movement trends. The Walker circulation intensity was strongly affected by the eastern events, but it quickly returned to its normal state, while the intensity was slightly reduced in the central events, and it slowly returned to its normal state. The vertical velocity distributions in the Pacific are different at different stages of both events, and the distributions of vertical velocity anomalies for typhoons and hurricanes are consistent.     

Immunohistochemical identification of dynorphin A and Kappa opioid receptor-1 in the digestive system of scallop Chlamys farreri

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Little is known about the roles of dynorphin and Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) in mollusks. In this study, we aim to determine the distribution of dynorphin A...     

Global patterns in above-ground net primary production and precipitation-use efficiency in grasslands

The above-ground net primary production(ANPP) and the precipitation-use efficiency(PUE) regulate the carbon and water cycles in grassland ecosystems, but the relationships among the ANPP, PUE and precipitation are still controversial. We selected 717 grassland sites with ANPP and mean annual precipitation(MAP) data from 40 publications to characterize the relationships ANPP–MAP and PUE–MAP across different grassland types. The MAP and ANPP showed large variations across all grassland types, ranging from 69 to 2335 mm and 4.3 to 1706 g m~(-2), respectively. The global maximum PUE ranged from 0.19 to 1.49 g m~(-2) mm~(-1) with a unimodal pattern. Analysis using the sigmoid function explained the ANPP–MAP relationship best at the global scale. The gradient of the ANPP–MAP graph was small for arid and semi-arid sites(MAP 400 mm). This study improves our understanding of the relationship between ANPP and MAP across dry grassland ecosystems. It provides new perspectives on the prediction and modeling of variations in the ANPP for different grassland types along precipitation gradients.     

Identification of X-ray lines in the spectrum of the arcsec-scale precessing jets of SS 433

The extended X-ray emission observed at arcsec scales along the propagation trajectory of the precessing relativistic jets of the Galactic microquasar SS 433 features a broad emission line, with the position of the centroid being significantly different for the approaching and receding jets (≈7.3 and ≈6.4 keV, respectively). These observed line positions are at odds with the predictions of the kinematic model for any of the plausible bright spectral lines in this band, raising the question of their identification. Here we address this issue by taking into account time delays of the emission coming from the receding regions of the jets relative to that from the approaching ones, which cause a substantial phase shift and distortion of the predicted line positions for the extended (~10¹⁷ cm) emission compared to the X-ray and optical lines observed from the central source (emitted at distances ~10¹¹ and ~10¹⁵ cm, respectively). We demonstrate that the observed line positions are fully consistent with the Fe XXVI Lyα (E ₀ = 6.96 keV) line emerging from a region of size ~6 × 10¹⁶ cm along the jet. This supports the idea that intensive reheating of the jets up to temperatures >10 keV takes place at these distances, probably as a result of partial deceleration of the jets due to interaction with the surrounding medium, which might cause collisions between discrete dense blobs inside the jets.     

Positional observations of small solar system bodies with the SBG telescope at the Astronomical Observatory of the Ural Federal University

The telescope SBG (D = 0.42 m, F = 0.76 m) at the Kourovka Astronomical Observatory of the Ural Federal University has undergone an upgrade in 2005–2006. A CCD camera (Apogee Alta U32) and a new drive system were installed, and a new system for telescope and observation control was implemented. This upgrade required verifying the astrometric quality of the telescope. The data processing approaches tested when searching for the optimum CCD image processing technique combined TYCHO2 and UCAC2 catalogues with various reduction models and methods for choosing reference stars. Lorentzian and Moffat profiles were used in the measurement of pixel coordinates. It was demonstrated that the accuracy of SBG observations of main-belt asteroids with precisely determined orbits depends on their brightness and varies from 0.06” (11.5 ^m ) to 0.4” (18.5 ^m ). Regular SBG observations of comets and asteroids (mostly near-Earth and potentially hazardous ones) have been performed since 2007. Coordinates of 8515 positions of 720 asteroids and more than 1000 positions of 40 comets were obtained. The RMS deviations of observed coordinates from their calculated values are typically smaller than 1”: the average deviations for asteroids are 0.33” (in right ascension) and 0.34” (in declination); the corresponding values for comets are 0.37” (in α) and 0.38” (in δ). The results of observations are sent to the Minor Planet Center and are used to determine orbits more accurately and solve other fundamental and applied problems.     

SPEXTRA: Optimal extraction code for long-slit spectra in crowded fields

We present a code for the optimal extraction of long-slit 2D spectra in crowded stellar fields. Its main advantage and difference from the existing spectrum extraction codes is the presence of a graphical user interface (GUI) and a convenient visualization system of data and extraction parameters. On the whole, the package is designed to study stars in crowded fields of nearby galaxies and star clusters in galaxies. Apart from the spectrum extraction for several stars which are closely located or superimposed, it allows the spectra of objects to be extracted with subtraction of superimposed nebulae of different shapes and different degrees of ionization. The package can also be used to study single stars in the case of a strong background. In the current version, the optimal extraction of 2D spectra with an aperture and the Gaussian function as PSF (point spread function) is proposed. In the future, the package will be supplemented with the possibility to build a PSF based on a Moffat function. We present the details of GUI, illustrate main features of the package, and show results of extraction of the several interesting spectra of objects from different telescopes.     

5月南极涛动对青藏高原西部夏季气温影响的诊断分析

青藏高原是全球气候变暖最敏感的地区之一,是北半球夏季最大的热源,其气候响应受到广泛关注。然而,有关南极涛动与青藏高原夏季气温的关系和机理知之甚少。为了研究南极涛动与青藏高原夏季气温的关系,基于1979—2020年英国东安哥拉大学气候研究中心（CRU）的逐月气温、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的逐月海表面温度和大气环流再分析数据以及南极涛动指数等数据,采用相关、回归、合成分析等方法进行研究。结果表明,北半球夏季青藏高原西部气温与5月南极涛动存在显著负相关,即当5月南极涛动异常偏弱时,夏季青藏高原西部气温异常偏高。其影响过程为,南极涛动为正位相时,在南印度洋中高纬地区出现“负-正-负”的经向“三极子”海温模态,该模态可持续到夏季,在印度洋形成异常的纬向-垂直环流,相应在热带西印度洋和东印度洋-海洋性大陆之间的降水异常导致热带正“偶极子”降水模态,通过该降水模态在青藏高原西部引起异常反气旋环流和下沉运动,有利于高原西部气温偏高。研究结果显示,海洋的热惯性在“延长”南极涛动影响过程中起着重要的桥梁作用,可为青藏高原夏季气温预测提供科学依据。