A linear tessellation model to identify spatial pattern in urban street networks

Street patterns reflect the distribution characteristics of a street network and affect the urban structure and human behavior. The recognition of street patterns has been a topic of interest for decades. In this study, a linear tessellation model is proposed to identify the spatial patterns in street networks. The street segments are broken into consecutive linear units with equal length. We define five focal operations using neighborhood analysis to extract the geometric and topological characteristics of each linear unit for the purpose of grid-pattern recognition. These are then classified by Support Vector Machine, and the result is optimized based on Gestalt principles. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is effective for mining grid patterns in a street network.     

Hydroextrusion as a possible mechanism for the ascent of diapirs,domes, and mantle plumes

A possible mechanism of the ascent of material within the Earth’s crust and mantle is the mechanism of hydroextrusion, i.e., the effect of squeezing of material under excess pressure. The major factors that predetermine the high plasticity of the material and its ability to produce hydroextrusions are high lithostatic pressures and temperatures. The phenomenon of hydroextrusion can be most clearly illustrated by the example of the origin of salt diapirs. The driving force of hydroextrusions of material in the crust and mantle is excess pressure, which can result from lateral differences between the densities of rocks (as is the case during the development of salt diapirs) and phase transitions associated with a volume increase. When the material of the upper mantle undergoes partial melting with the derivation of basaltic melts at depths of 60–100 km, excess pressures reach 80 MPa, whereas the plasticity limit of 20% melted rocks is no higher than 5 MPa. As a result, the partially molten material is forced from the melting region toward zones with lower lithostatic pressures. A local temperature increase in the transitional zones in the Earth’s mantle at positive dP/dT values of the phase transitions also gives rise to excess pressures, whose values can range from 100 to 800 MPa at a 0.5–3.0% volume change and which can be the driving force during the origin of mantle plumes. Original Russian Text ? V.N. Anfilogov, Yu.V. Khachai, 2006, published in Geokhimiya, 2006, No. 8, pp. 873–878.     

Finite element analysis of the effect of corrosion on the behavior of reinforced earth walls

A simple model for the corrosion‐induced loss of stiffness and strength of the steel strips of earth‐reinforced walls was introduced in a finite element simulation of the long‐term behavior of the wall, in which the backfill‐strips interactions are taken into account by means of a generalized homogenization procedure (called a multiphase model). The results show an initial phase of slow displacements induced by the loss of stiffness, followed after a few decades by a steep acceleration of the displacements, leading to wall failure. The influences of the parameter controlling corrosion, the backfill cohesion and the heterogeneity of the corrosion process are discussed. Results are used to discuss a strategy for reinforced earth wall surveillance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

H 187 - At the Onset of a New Eclipse

CCD photometry data of the T Tauri star H 187 are presented. They show that a new eclipse of this star began at the end of 2004. Since only one eclipse of this star has been observed previously with a duration of 3.5 years, our data indicate that the eclipses of this object are periodic with a period P=4.9 years between eclipses. Thus, in terms of the absolute duration of the eclipses and in terms of their relative length as a fraction of the period, H 187 is one of the most exotic objects in the sky. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 529–534 (November 2005).     

基于主体功能区的京津冀城市群碳收支时空分异与碳补偿分区

从主体功能区划视角研究碳收支和碳补偿分区,对于制定适应各主体功能区低碳发展策略,推动区域生态环境协同治理,实现高质量发展具有重要意义,也是地理学思想对于实现“双碳”目标的重要贡献。本文首先构建主体功能区视角下碳收支与碳补偿的理论框架,然后以京津冀城市群157个县级单元为研究区,引入集中化指数、标准显性比较优势指数、SOM-K-means聚类等方法研究功能区视角下京津冀城市群碳收支时空分异与碳补偿分区,并提出以低碳发展为导向的碳减排空间优化方案。结果表明：① 2000—2017年京津冀城市群碳收支量呈现波动上升态势,其集中化指数均高于0.4的“警戒线”,碳收支地区差异整体偏大。② 碳收支时空分异显著,碳排放高值区呈现以京津唐为中心,向外逐步降低的“核心—外围”空间格局;而碳吸收空间格局趋于稳定,总体呈现东、北、西部高,而中、南部低的倒“U”型格局。③ 京津冀城市群碳收支与主体功能区战略定位较为吻合,优化开发区和重点开发区是碳排放的主要承压区,而重点生态功能区是碳吸收的优势主导区,各功能区碳吸收集中化指数差别较碳排放集中化指数小。④ 京津冀城市群共有53个支付区、64个平衡区和40个获补区,结合主体功能区规划战略目标,最终形成9类碳补偿空间优化区,并提出每一类型区低碳发展方向及策略。⑤ 未来要加强更微观尺度的碳收支及碳补偿研究,丰富和完善碳补偿理论框架,将碳补偿融入到碳交易市场,探索实现“双碳”目标的多元化路径。     

A 3D multi-threshold,region-growing algorithm for identifying dust storm features from model simulations

Dust storms cause significant damage to health, property, and the environment worldwide every year. To help mitigate the damage, dust forecast models simulate and predict upcoming dust events, providing valuable information to scientists, decision makers, and the public. These simulation outputs are in four-dimensions (i.e., latitude, longitude, elevation, and time) and represent spatially heterogeneous dust storm features and their evolution over space and time. This research investigates and proposes an automatic multi-threshold, region-growing-based algorithm to identify critical dust storm features from 3D dust storm simulations. A multi-threshold scheme is defined for the identification of dust storm features with different dust concentrations. Based on the multi-thresholds, dust storm features are iteratively identified by developing a region-growing algorithm that splits a clustered dust storm feature into multiple sub-features. The proposed approach is compared with three commonly used methods in image processing and thunderstorm identification. The proposed approach outperforms the other three methods in sensitivity and quantitative/qualitative accuracy. This research approach may also be slightly adjusted to identify critical 3D features from simulation outputs for other severe weather and geographical phenomena.     

厄尔尼诺与亚洲季风对港澳地区降雨影响

分析研究了香港1853～1997年（145年）、澳门1901～1997年（97年）的月和年降雨量的一些特征。主要结论是：（1）香港、澳门年降雨量存在准2～6年的周期振荡，澳门年降雨量有很强的长期趋势，香港年降雨量无明显趋势；（2）香港、澳门年内雨量的峰值出现在西南季风期（6月和8月），而谷值在东北季风期（12月）；（3）EI Nino事件年，香港、澳门年降雨量距平百分率多为正，降雨偏多。在La Nila事件年，香港、澳门年降雨量距平百分率多为负，降雨偏少。     

新世纪广西的区域开发与可持续发展

分析了广西的基本区情条件，揭示了广西区域开发格局的空间变动趋势，提出了广西新世纪实施可持续发展战略的举措，即加强以交通为主的基础设施建设，开发以洪水河为主的水能资源，加快建设成为南中国西南东输的枢纽；调整和优化产业结构，确立主导产业的市场地位，提升优势产业的市场竞争力；加快城乡转型的进程，提高城镇化的水平和质量，控制人口增长、提高人口质量，治理环境污染；制度创新， 优化经济布局的区域结构。     

毛乌素沙漠边缘地区春末夏初沙尘暴天气的物理量场结构

沙尘暴天气是毛乌素沙漠边缘内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏、陕西等地区春末夏初特有的一种灾害性天气。应用欧洲中心再分析资料的气压场和各种物理量场,选取了5个沙尘暴个例,分析了沙尘暴时期各层气压场的特征和物理量的空间结构。结果表明：蒙古高压是影响沙尘暴的主要天气系统。在沙尘暴发生时,蒙古高压前部整层都为宽广而强劲的西北气流,从地面可伸展到200 hPa附近,其物理属性是干、冷,其前部近乎于东北—西南向的区域,是锋区的密集带,也是各种物理量表现最为敏感的区域,垂直速度场为上升运动区,涡度场为正涡度区,高—低层散度差值场为正值,这些物理量都为沙尘暴的发生起到了推动和加强作用。