Application of incomplete similarity theory to the estimation of the mean velocity of debris flows

The mean velocity of debris flow is one of the most important parameters in the design of mitigation structures and in quantitative risk analysis. This study develops a model to predict the mean debris flow velocity observed in the field by applying the incomplete similarity argument. An equation for estimating the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient for debris flows with a volumetric sediment concentration larger than 0.19 is accordingly derived using 128 sets of observation data from nine Chinese gullies, in which both the effect of the volumetric sediment concentration and channel slope on resistance are considered. The derived equation is then verified and compared against five previously published equations by using 61 sets of published observation data from six gullies located in four countries. The applications of the proposed equation are discussed, and the improvements made using the proposed equation are clearly very significant when compared with the previously published equations.     

Stability study on the northern batter of MBC Open Pit using Plaxis 3D

Cracks appeared on the northern batter at Maddingley Brown Coal Open Pit Mine, Victoria, Australia, on 8 November 2013 and a 2-day rainfall event happened 5 days later. This study models the stability of the northern batter considering the effect of the rainfall event and an emergency buttress using finite element method (FEM) encoded in Plaxis 3D. It is found that the batter tended to lead to block sliding after overburden removal. The observed vertical crack would be a combined action of the overburden removal and groundwater flow. The simulated location of cracks agrees well with the actual location, and the simulated heave of the coal seam is in good agreement with the experience in Victoria brown coal open pit mining. The rainfall accelerated the development of the cracks. With the construction of the emergency buttress, the batter became stable that is in good agreement with the monitored data.     

Study on Water Internal Recycle Process and Mechanism in Typical Mountain Areas of Inland Basins,Northwest China: Progress and Challenge

The water resource and its change of mountainous area are very important to the oasis economic system and ecosystem in the arid areas of northwest China. Accurately understanding the water transfer and circulation process among vegetation, soil, and atmosphere over different hydrological units in mountainous areas such as snow and ice, cold desert, forest and grassland is the basic scientific issue of water research in cold and arid regions, which is also the basis of water resource delicacy management and regulation. There are many research results on the hydrological function of different land covers in mountain areas, basin hydrological processes, however, there are only very limited studies on the water internal recycle at basin scale. The quantitative study on the mechanism of water internal recycle is still at the starting stage, which faces many challenges. The key project “Study on water internal recycle processes and mechanism in typical mountain areas of inland basins, Northwest China” funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China will select the Aksu River and Shule River Basin, which have better observation basis, as study area. The internal mechanism of moisture transfer and exchange process of different land cover and atmosphere, the internal mechanism of water cycle in the basin, and water transfer paths in atmosphere will be studied through enhancing runoff plot experiments on different land cover, analyzing the mechanism of water vapor transfer and exchange between different land covers in the watershed by isotope tracing on the water vapor flux of vegetation water, soil moisture and atmospheric moisture, improving the algorithms of remote sensing inversion and ground verification on land surface evapotranspiration on different land cover, and analyzing the water vapor flux from reanalysis data, and the coupling modeling of regional climate model and land surface process model. At last, the effect of different land cover in hydrological process of mountain area, and the impact of land cover on downstream oasis will be systematically analyzed.     

GF-1垂直干旱指数的土壤湿度空间格局分析——以秭归县为例

针对中低分辨率的遥感图像在表征空间异质性较大地区的土壤湿度空间格局存在较大误差问题,该文探讨了基于高分辨率影像在小尺度上分析土壤湿度空间分布及变异规律的可行性。首先利用高分一号WFV数据构建垂直干旱指数来反映秭归县土壤湿度干湿状况,然后进一步分析了该县土壤湿度在水平及垂直方向上的空间格局和分异规律。实验结果表明,野外同步土壤表层水含量测试数据同垂直干旱指数两者表现出较好的相关程度。     

基于组构组分的变质岩岩相学分类

为建立一个较严密、系统的常见变质岩石的岩相学分类,采用既反映岩石结构构造特征又蕴含岩石基本组成的变质岩组构组分作为岩石分类的一级分类指标,以岩石结构、构造和组构组分的成分依次作为二、三和四级指标,划分了归属于造山区域变质岩、接触热变质岩、断层动力变质岩、蚀变交代变质岩和混合岩这5个大类变质成因的基本岩石.如岩石的地质产状已知,可用对应于地质产状的成因类型变质岩替换组构组分,升级为一级分类指标,然后用同样程序进行划分.本分类方案中,造山区域变质岩与接触热变质岩因具有相同组构组分,因此,大部分基本岩石名称相同,但可借助其地质产状和一些特征变质矿物的特殊显微构造的有无将它们区分开来.本分类方案的分类效果优于国内外现有的岩相学分类方案.      

沁水煤田15号煤中氟的赋存状态及其沉积环境分析

氟是煤中有害元素之一,燃煤型氟排放造成的污染已经对人类的健康安全构成威胁。研究煤中氟赋存状态及其沉积环境,对掌握高氟煤分布规律及控制燃煤造成的氟排放具有重要意义。通过对沁水煤田内6座煤矿15号煤样品的分析发现:煤中氟含量与灰分显著相关,与黄铁矿硫、有机硫无相关关系,表明煤中氟主要以无机物形式赋存,且与含硫矿物无关;与钾、镁、硅、铝等元素含量具有显著的相关关系,表明氟有可能的主要赋存形式为金云母、氟金云母等矿物,以及以吸附存在于高岭石、勃姆石、伊蒙混层等黏土矿物中;与钙、磷元素含量无显著相关性,表明氟不以氟磷灰石、含氟羟基磷灰石等矿物大量赋存。此外,通过对沁水煤田15号煤的沉积环境分析发现,弱还原环境、较低盐度、偏酸性、较强的水动力条件有利于该区域煤中氟的富集。     

泰青威天然气管道临朐段水毁灾害分布特征与风险评价

对泰青威天然气管道临朐段地质灾害发育特征进行调查研究发现,临朐段地质灾害类型主要为水毁灾害,具体可分为坡面水毁、河沟道水毁和台田地水毁。野外地质灾害实地调查临朐段管道沿线共发现地质灾害15处,其中坡面水毁点6处,河沟道水毁点4处,台田地水毁点5处。采用定性与半定量相结合的评价方法对其进行地质灾害风险评价,结果表明: 地质灾害风险等级较高的有1处,占6.66%; 风险等级中等的有4处,占26.67%; 风险等级较低的有10处,占66.67%。根据管道沿线地形地貌、地质灾害发育密度、风险等级等因素,划分地质灾害中易发区61 km,低易发区10 km,管道沿线以地质灾害中易发区为主。最后,针对不同类型、不同风险等级地质灾害提出了相应的防治消减措施,为后期管道安全运营和风险整治决策提供了有效的技术依据。     

内蒙古呼包鄂地区近56年来大气环境容量变化特征分析

为探讨内蒙古呼包鄂地区大气对污染物承载能力的变化,科学评价气候变化对大气环境的影响,利用1961—2016年呼包鄂地区8个国家气象站降水量、风速、云量资料,分析了该地区气象条件的变化特征及大气环境容量的时空分布特征,并对大气环境容量与气象要素之间的相关性进行了分析。结果显示:呼包鄂地区大气环境容量1月的最小、4月的最大,春季的>秋季的>夏季的>冬季的,年平均大气环境容量为62.4 t/d/km^2;月、季、年平均大气环境容量呈波动减小趋势,特别是20世纪70年代末期之后减小趋势更为显著;有明显的空间分布特征,由城区向郊区逐渐增大,城郊差异冬季最为明显,夏季差异最小;大气环境容量与降水相关性差,与风速和日最大混合层高度呈显著的正相关关系,特别是与风速相关性更显著,与小风日数呈显著的负相关关系。     

球面交切法地震定位

提出了适合于近震及远震定位的球面交切法。该方法在球面上直接进行交切运算,只要知道3个以上台站的S-P到时差(或只要根据震相求出震中距)就能快速定出震中位置,台网布局、震源深度、发震时刻对震中定位的影响较小。使用该方法对三峡水库蓄水以后发生的较大地震进行了精确定位,结果表明其应用效果较好。     

1993年咸宁地震群震害损失及发震成因探讨

1993年7~8月,湖北省咸宁地区发生了一系列ML≤4.1的地震。从地震系列、地表破坏状况和地震宏观等烈度线展布特征出发,深入研究了地震与地质构造及地下水动态变化的关系,得出结论地震群可能为抽取地下水引起的构造变动而诱发。