利用重力资料反演京津唐张地区震质中

流动重力观测结果显示，地震孕育过程中重力变化最大处往往不与震中重合，美国科学家J.T.Kuo（郭宗汾）提出了孕震体质量变化中心震质源(hypocentroid)和其在地表的投影震质中(epicentroid)的概念．本文采用球、椭球和圆柱体等3种旋转体模型模拟孕震体，分别计算孕震体均匀膨胀引起的表面重力变化模型，并利用最小二乘法对1981～2000年发生在京津唐张测网内16次M>4.0地震进行震质中迭代反演. 计算精度表明，圆柱体模型为三者中的最隹模型．研究了震中、震质中与断层之间的位置关系，发现京津唐张地区M4~5地震震质中与震中的距离在0~40 km之间，震中一般发生在断层末端，或断层交汇处；而震质中大都发生在断层间的块体内，且成丛分布．这意味着区域内存在小范围的构造——地震孵化区，一次次地震在孵化区内孵化，但却在其周围发生．其间，断层的存在起着重要的控制作用．      

Isotopic Approach to Determining the Fate of Ammonium Regenerated from Sediments in a Eutrophic Sub-estuary of Waquoit Bay,MA

We measured fluxes of NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ and δ¹⁵N of NH₄⁺, sediment, and porewater NH₄⁺ from incubated sediment cores along a nitrate gradient and in different seasons from Childs River, MA. NH₄⁺ flux was low at the downstream site with the lowest concentration of organic matter (high salinity) but otherwise did not differ along the estuary. The δ¹⁵N of regenerated NH₄⁺ ranged from +6.1‰ to +15.3‰ but did not vary significantly with season or salinity; the mean for the entire estuary was +10.4 ± 0.5‰. Based on differences between the δ¹⁵N of regenerated NH₄⁺ and sediment, and expected isotopic fractionation due to remineralization, we concluded that nitrification occurred after remineralization of NH₄⁺. Differences between the δ¹⁵N of regenerated NH₄⁺ and the δ¹⁵N of porewater NH₄⁺ provided further evidence of nitrification. We estimated that 11% to 48% of remineralized NH₄⁺ underwent coupled nitrification–denitrification before release into the water column. In spite of losses to denitrification, NH₄⁺ flux released 1.4 mol N m⁻² year⁻¹ to the water column and could provide 42% of phytoplankton nitrogen requirements.