颅颌面外科与三维重建技术

目的 探讨电子束ＣＴ三维重建技术在颅颌面外科的适应症和应用价值。方法 采用美国Ｉｍａｔｒｏｎ公司的电子束ＣＴ（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎ ｂｅａｍ ＣＴ,以下简称ＥＢＣＴ）Ｃ－１５０,对７６例严重颅颌面病人实行薄层ＣＴ容积扫描。将所获ＣＴ 象经数字接口传至加拿大ＩＳＧ公司生产的Ａｌｌｅｇｒｏ工作站进行三维重建。结果 ＥＢＣＴ成像技术能立体的、详尽和精确的显示机体组织三维解剖结构极其相互关系。其再现畸形或病体     

长江下游百年一遇的极值风速分布

利用2000-2006年长江下游沿江8个风速、风向观测点与邻近气象站同步对比观测资料和1971—2006年长江下游40个气象站风资料, 依据具99%置信水平的数理重构方案和极值Ⅰ型计算方法, 详细给出长江下游百年一遇风速分布状况。结果表明:长江下游沿江地区百年一遇极值风速为25~38 m/s, 较一般方法上限高3 m/s, 下限低2 m/s; 长江南京—镇江段和南通—崇明段, 是长江下游沿江地区的两个大风区, 百年一遇极值风速不低于29 m/s, 其在入海口附近可达34 m/s以上; 在长江常州—江阴段, 江南、江北对称分布两个风速相对低值区, 百年一遇极值风速为23~24 m/s。该结果充分考虑气象站风速资料和局地风速状况, 是沿江相关工程气象应用的重要补充。     

Adsorption and Desorption of Phosphate on Calcite and Aragonite in Seawater

The adsorption and desorption of phosphate on calcite and aragonite were investigated as a function of temperature (5–45 °C)and salinity (0–40) in seawater pre-equilibrated with CaCO₃. An increase in temperature increased the equilibrium adsorption; whereas an increase in salinity decreased the adsorption. Adsorption measurements made in NaCl were lower than the results in seawater. The higher values in seawater were due to the presence of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions. The increase was 5 times greater for Ca²⁺ than Mg²⁺. The effects ofCa²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are diminished with the addition of SO₄ ^2- apparently due to the formation of MgSO₄ and CaSO₄ complexes in solution and/or SO₄ ^2- adsorption on the surface of CaCO₃. The adsorbed Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on CaCO₃ (at carbonate sites) may act as bridges to PO₄ ^3- ions. The bridging effect of Ca²⁺is greater than Mg²⁺ apparently due to the stronger interactions of Ca²⁺ with PO₄ ^3-.The apparent effect of salinity on the adsorption of PO₄ was largely due to changes in the concentration of HCO₃ ^- in the solutions. An increase in the concentration of HCO₃ ^- caused the adsorption of phosphate to decrease, especially at low salinities. The adsorption at the same level of HCO₃ ^- (2 mM) was nearly independent of salinity. All of the adsorption measurements were modeled empirically using a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm[ [PO₄]_ad = K_mC_m[PO₄]_T/(1 +K_m [PO₄]_T) , ]where [PO₄]_ad and [PO₄]_T are the adsorbed and total dissolved phosphate concentrations, respectively. The values of C_m (the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, (mol/g) and K_m (the adsorption equilibrium constant, g/(mol) over the entire temperature (t, °C) and salinity (S) range were fitted to[ C_m = 17.067 + 0.1707t - 0.4693S + 0.0082S² ( = 0.7) ][ ln K_m = - 2.412 + 0.0165t - 0.0004St - 0.0008S² ( = 0.1) ]These empirical equations reproduce all of our measurements of[PO₄]_ad up to 14 mol/g and within ±0.7 mol/g.The kinetic data showed that the phosphate uptake on carbonate minerals appears to be a multi-step process. Both the adsorption and desorption were quite fast in the first stage (less than 30 min) followed by a much slower process (lasting more than 1 week). Our results indicate that within 24 hours aragonite has a higher sorption capacity than calcite. The differences between calcite and aragonite become smaller with time. Consequently, the mineral composition of the sediments may affect the short-term phosphate adsorption and desorption on calcium carbonate. Up to 80 % of the adsorbed phosphate is released from calcium carbonate over one day. The amount of PO₄ left on the CaCO₃ is close to the equilibrium adsorption. The release of PO₄ from calcite is faster than from aragonite. Measurements with Florida Bay sediments produced results between those for calcite and aragonite. Our results indicate that the calcium carbonate can be both a sink and source of phosphate in natural waters.     

东南极格罗夫山地区新生代冰碛岩(物)中孢粉的发现及其意义

文章报道了东南极格罗夫山地区蓝冰表面碎石带新生代冰碛岩(物)漂砾中微体古生物化石的分析结果及其意义。研究发现这些冰碛物(岩)内含有少量孢粉,而未见硅藻及其他微体化石。孢粉以裸子植物花粉和蕨类植物孢子为主、被子植物花粉含量相对稀少为特征。值得注意的是,在所分析的4个样品中,均发现至今在南半球仍有分布的特有属假山毛榉(Nothofagus)花粉,由于该属花粉及大植物化石曾发现于横跨南极山脉上新的天狼星群(SiriusGroup)中,它的存在反映当时古气候温暖湿润。在样品S1507和S1509中发现蒿属(Artemisia)花粉,其出现所代表的时代推测为新近纪,很可能为上新世。格罗夫山地区冰碛物中的这一孢粉特征可能反映了南极地区上新世曾经发生过较大规模的气候变暖和冰川退缩事件。     

厦门海区潮间带海洋动植物共附生微生物的抗菌活性

从厦门海区潮间带石纯、浒苔、江蓠、海兔、海葵及鲨鱼肠道分离得２８９株共附生微生物,以８种敏感菌为指示菌,从中获得拮抗活性的幼苗２８株,放线菌１７株,真菌８株。拮抗细菌以假单胞菌（３９％）、弧菌（２５％）和芽直菌（１４％）为主,主要为抗革兰氏阳性细菌,抗真菌的菌株比例较低。拮抗放线菌分属于链霉菌和小单孢菌,其抗革兰氏阳性菌、阴性菌和真菌的菌株比例分别为６５％、４７％和２３％。拮抗真菌分青霉属和芽枝霉     

蚀变超基性岩金（镍）矿床中的贵金属元素──以云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿为例

云南墨江金矿和陕西煎茶岭金矿中Ａｇ、Ａｕ和ＰＧＥ（铂族元素）的丰度和共生状况如下：（１）两矿床中的Ａｇ－Ａｕ关系呈三种情况：硅质岩型矿石和其他类型低品位金矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ基本上不具相关关系；石英脉型矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈明显的正相关关系；氧化矿石中Ａｇ－Ａｕ呈负相关关系。（２）所有样品中的ＰＧＥ均低于７１×１０（－６），其ＰＧＥ的特征是Ｐｔ≥Ｐｄ和Ｒｕ＞Ｏｓ、Ｉｒ、Ｒｈ。（３）这些样品的地幔标准化ＰＧＥ分布模式是以Ｒｈ为峰的上凸曲线，而墨江样品又具Ｉｒ的负异常。与一般超基性岩的情况不同，这些样品的模式曲线中Ｐｄ－Ａｕ部分呈陡弯折，它表明矿化元素金可能主要由区域成矿流体提供。     

The Paleoceanography during the Time with High δ13C of Phanerozoic marine carbonates

Carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates is a record for various important geological events in the process of earth development and evolution. The carbonates of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, as the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic-Cenozoic have very high ¹³C value. Taking this as the main point, and combined with the oxygen, strontium isotopic composition in carbonates, distribution of carbonate basin area through geologic time, the correlation of carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates to sea level change, organic carbon burial flux, exchange of CO₂ content in atmosphere and ocean, and long cycle evolution of the earth ecosystems were approached. The results are shown as follows: ①The interval of ¹³C >3‰ during Phanerozoic was concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian and the beginning of Triassic, but the beginning of Triassic was characterized by higher frequency and larger fluctuations in ¹³C value during a short time, whereas the Carboniferous-Permian presented a continuously stable high ¹³C value, indicating a larger amount of organic carbon accumulation in this time interval. Relatively high ¹⁸O values during this time was also observed, showing a long time of glaciations and cold climate, which suggest a connection among rapid organic carbon burial, cold climate, as well as pCO₂ and pO₂ states of atmosphere. ②The over consumption of atmosphere CO₂ by green plants during the time with high ¹³C of seawater forced CO₂ being transferred from ocean to atmosphere for the balance, but the decrease in the seawater amount and water column pressure caused by the global cooling could weaken dissolution capacity of CO₂ in seawater and carbon storage of marine carbonates, and also reduce the carbonate sedimentary rate and decrease the carbonate basin area globally from Devonian to Carboniferous and Permian. During the middle-late Permian carbonate was widely replaced by siliceous sediments even though in shallow carbonate platform, which resulted in the decrease of marine invertebrates, suggesting the Permian chert event should be global. ③The Phanerozoic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr trend of seawater showed a sharp fall in Permian and drop to a minimum at the end of the Permian, indicting input of strontium from the submarine hydrothermal systems (mantle flux). Such process should accompany with a supplement of CO₂ from deep earth to atmosphere and ocean system, but the process associated with widespread volcanism and rises of earth’s surface temperature pricked up the mass extinction during the time of end Permian. ④Cold climate and increase of continental icecap volume, the amalgamation of northern Africa and Laurentia continentals were the main reasons responsible for the sea level drop, but the water consumption result from the significantly increased accumulation of organic carbon should also be one of the reasons for the sea level drop on the order of tens of meters. ⑤The mass extinction at the end Permian was an inevitable event in the process of earth system adjustment. It was difficult for marine invertebrates to survive because of the continuously rapid burial of organic carbon, and of the decrease of sea water amount and its dissolution ability to CO₂. At last, at the end of Paleozoic, the supplement of CO₂ to atmosphere and ocean by widely magma activities resulted in a high temperature of earth surface and intensified mass extinction.     

2012年桂西北一次地面人工增雨作业天气条件的分析和捕捉

以百色市田林县一次降雨过程的人工增雨作业天气和作业实况作为研究对象,对相应天气形势和物理量场进行剖析并对增雨效果进行检验。得出:在短波槽、切变线和弱冷空气为主的中低层天气系统影响下,低层水汽充足,上升运动的加剧及弱冷空气的入侵可激发降雨的产生;在降雨初期对液水含量大,冰晶含量偏低的冷云及时进行人工催化作业,可收到明显的增雨效果。     

Synthesis and characterisation of a multifunctional oil-based drilling fluid additive

An oil-based drilling fluid additive H-DEA (or humic acid-cocamide diethanolamine) was synthesised using humic acid and cocamide diethanolamine as raw materials. The rheological behaviors of H-DEA showed that the synthesised product has the good properties in both decreasing the filtrate loss and improving rheology property of oil-based drilling fluids compared with other commercially available additives. Under the optimal additive amount of 3%, both API filtrate loss and yield point changed remarkably from 5.40 to 0.41 mL and 9.0 to 25.6 Pa, respectively. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that H-DEA has good thermal stability in a wide temperature range up to 170 °C. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and rheological analysis revealed that the possible mechanism of the multifunctional effects may be attributed to the existing of high density of strong polar groups, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, and intermolecular association on H-DEA molecular structure. The results of the study showed that the synthesised H-DEA can be potentially used as a multifunctional oil-based drilling fluid additive in oil-drilling excavation.