西藏盐湖沉积物：一种潜在的铷、铯资源

铷、铯是我国战略性关键矿产资源。西藏盐湖卤水中赋存着丰富的铷、铯资源,但是品位普遍低于10 mg/L。根据热泉与盐湖锂、铷、铯等元素的补给关系和含量差异特征及铷、铯极易被黏土矿物吸附等特点,推测盐湖沉积物中赋存一定规模的铷、铯资源。为验证该推测,本文选取西藏拉果错、聂尔错、依布茶卡、当穹错、扎布耶茶卡等5个典型盐湖,采集卤水和沉积物样品各5件,开展水体中铷、铯含量和沉积物矿物成分分析,结合沉积物分相淋滤实验,得出如下结论：西藏拉果错、当穹错、聂尔错盐湖卤水铷、铯含量和资源量与其补给量差异显著,大量的铷、铯资源消耗于盐湖沉积物中;盐湖沉积物中的铷、铯含量远高于卤水。铷、铯在沉积物水溶相、碳酸盐相中含量较低,主要以吸附形式赋存于黏土矿物(主要为伊利石),吸附点位包括基面位置、难解吸的磨损边缘及层间位置。盐湖沉积物铷、铯资源量远超大型矿床规模,黏土矿物中铷、铯含量高达100 n×10-6,超过固体盐类矿产综合评价指标,相较于现有盐湖钾产品中的铷资源、含铯硅华中的铯资源开发,具有较好的开发利用性,是一种潜在的铷、铯资源。本研究成果有助于完善盐湖铷、铯富集成矿机制,并为高效开发盐湖中的铷、铯资源提供理论支撑。     

基于点云投影线探测的高墩位姿自动检测方法

针对目前超高桥墩垂直度检测方法存在危险系数较高、精度难以保证或自动化程度与工作效率较低的情况,本文提出一种基于三维激光扫描技术的点云数据超高桥墩位姿自动检测方法。该方法首先将海量墩面点云双向分层;然后依条件选择分层文件探测点云投影线并划分桥墩面缓冲区;最后根据缓冲区自动提取墩面点云并进行位姿检测。本文以某山区高速桥梁高墩位姿检测为例进行试验,试验结果,表明该方法具有无接触测量、高自动化、高工作效率及检测范围全面的优势。     

An experimental study of effect of pre‐existing fabric on deformation of foliated mylonite at high temperature and pressure

We performed deformation experiments on a foliated mylonite under high temperature and pressure conditions in this study. To investigate the effect of pre‐existing fabric on the rheology of rocks, our samples were drilled from natural mylonite with the cylinder axis parallel to the foliation (PAR) and perpendicular to the foliation (PER). We performed 25 tests on seven PAR samples and 21 tests on seven PER samples at temperatures ranging from 600 to 890 °C, confining pressures ranging from 800 to 1400 MPa, and steady‐state strain rates of 1 × 10⁻⁴, 1 × 10⁻⁵ and 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹. In the temperatures of 600–700 °C, the deformation is accommodated by semi‐brittle flow, with the average stress exponent being 6–7 assuming power law flow; in the temperature range of 800–890 °C, deformation is mainly by plastic flow, with an average stress exponent of n = 3 and activation energies of Q = 354 ± 52 kJ/mol (PER and PAR samples). The experimental results show that the strengths of PER samples are higher than those of PAR samples. Deformation microstructures have been studied by optical and electron microscopy. The original foliation of PER samples is destroyed by deformation and replaced by a new foliation, but the deformation of PAR samples followed the original foliation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements show a strong lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of the quartz c axis fabrics of the starting samples and deformed PER and PAR samples. However, the c axis fabric of quartz in experimentally deformed PER and PAR samples varied with temperature and strain rate is different from that seen in the starting mylonite sample. The initial quartz c axis fabric of the starting mylonite sample has been transformed into a new fabric during experimental deformation. Dehydration melting of biotite and hornblende occurred in both PER and PAR samples at temperatures of 800–890 °C. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Phase Chemistry Study of the Zabuye Salt Lake Brine: Isothermal Evaporation at 15°C and 25°C

Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet, China is a carbonate-type salt lake, which has some unique characteristics that make it different from other types of salt lakes. The lake is at the latter period in its evolution and contains liquid and solid resources. Its brine is rich in Li, B, K and other useful minor elements that are of great economic value. We studied the concentration behavior of these elements and the crystallization paths of salts during isothermal evaporation of brine at 15°C and 25°C. The crystallization sequence of the primary salts from the brine at 25°C is halite (NaCl) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3)→ trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → sylvite (KCl), while the sequence is halite (NaCl) → sylvite (KCl) → trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) at 15°C. They are in accordance with the metastable phase diagram of the Na+, K+-Cl?, CO32?, SO42?-H2O quinary system at 25°C, except for Na2CO3·7H2O which is replaced by trona and thermonatrite. In the 25°C experiment, zabuyelite (Li2CO3) was precipitated in the early stage because Li2CO3 is supersaturated in the brine at 25°C, in contrast with that at 15°C, it precipitated in the later stage. Potash was precipitated in the middle and late stages in both experiments, while boron was concentrated in the early and middle stages and precipitated in the late stage.     

毛乌素沙地南缘固沙灌丛下地表凝结水特征

尽管凝结水在干旱生态系统中所发挥的重要作用已被广泛关注,但对其在固沙灌丛下时空变化特征的研究仍然比较薄弱。为探明固沙灌丛对地表凝结水的影响,在毛乌素沙地南缘沙区选择3种典型固沙灌丛（沙柳Salix psammophila、柠条Caragana korshinskii和油蒿Artemisia ordosica）,以无固沙灌丛影响的裸沙作为对照,用微型蒸渗仪测定了固沙灌丛下不同位置（根部、1/2冠幅和外缘）和不同方向（东、南、西、北）上地表凝结水的形成和蒸发特征。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,固沙灌丛的存在显著降低了地表凝结水量,沙柳、油蒿和柠条灌丛下凝结水量分别降低了29%、32%和33%;(2)不同类型固沙灌丛下地表凝结水量由里向外均呈显著增加的趋势,但不同方向上地表凝结水量差异不显著;（3）固沙灌丛的存在减缓了凝结水的形成和蒸发过程,即凝结水自19:00开始形成,到次日08:00基本结束,至13:00—15:00蒸发殆尽,其形成过程整体上表现出增加—平缓—增加的趋势,柠条和油蒿灌丛下地表凝结水在03:00—05:00甚至有少量蒸发,而蒸发过程呈稳定下降趋势;（4）凝结水的形成过程与空气...     

卫星影像匹配的深度卷积神经网络方法

本文侧重于智能化摄影测量深度学习的第一个方面：深度卷积方法。传统的影像同名点对提取算法通常利用人工设计的特征描述符及其最短距离作为匹配准则进行匹配,其匹配结果易陷入局部极值,造成部分正确匹配点对的遗漏。针对这一问题,本文引入深度学习方法,设计了一种基于空间尺度卷积层的两通道深度卷积神经网络,采用其进行影像间的匹配模式学习,实现了基于深度卷积神经网络的卫星影像匹配。试验表明,在处理异源、多时相、多分辨率的卫星影像情况下,本文方法比传统匹配方法能提取到更为丰富的影像同名点对,且最终匹配提纯结果正确率优于90%。     

地壳脆塑性转化带非稳态流变与震后松弛变形机制

大陆浅源地震密集分布层称为地震层,该深度处于石英脆塑性转化带,其变形除受温度控制外,地震周期各阶段变形随应变速率和应力发生变化,从间震期的稳态蠕变转化为同震破裂和震后松弛阶段非稳态蠕变。与间震期长期蠕变相关的野外塑性变形和稳态流变实验研究非常多,而与震后松弛相关的地壳深部脆塑性转化和非稳态蠕变研究非常有限,更缺少非稳态流变的本构方程。震后松弛阶段的断层滑动研究和基于GPS观测数据反演地壳形变研究都依赖于非稳态蠕变实验数据及其流变模型。本文介绍了野外断层脆塑性转化带非稳态流变和高温高压非稳态流变实验研究进展,分析震后松弛阶段断层脆塑性转化带的变形特征与变形模式,讨论了非稳态流变与脆塑性转化带强度定量化研究中存在的问题。     

The first extra-large helium-rich gas field identified in a tight sandstone of the Dongsheng Gas Field,Ordos Basin,China

Science China Earth Sciences - Helium gas is a scarce but important strategic resource, which is usually associated with natural gas. Presently, only one extra-large helium-rich gas field has been...     

山地冰川演化与冰湖发育相互作用机制北大核心CSCD

冰川-冰湖耦合过程是冰冻圈物质与能量循环的重要组成部分,系统刻画冰川演化与冰湖发育过程的相互作用机制,对于完善冰冻圈科学理论体系和认知冰川作用区变化规律、水循环模式和灾害效应具有重要意义。本文立足山地冰川演化和冰湖发育过程,系统归纳了冰川-冰湖相互作用研究进展,剖析了冰川作用与冰湖发育耦合机制及相关模型的应用,并对现有冰川演化与冰湖发育过程耦合机制研究存在的不足与挑战进行解析和总结。冰川-冰湖耦合过程的深入研究有助于提高数值模拟的可信度与精度,为评估冰川-冰湖耦合过程影响、建立灾害监测预警体系和采取适应性措施提供数据与理论基础。     

黑龙江多宝山——大新屯地区铜金多金属成矿作用及找矿方向

黑龙江省多宝山—大新屯地区,铜矿以中—晚加里东期多宝山式斑岩型、燕山早期三矿沟式矽卡岩型为主,晚古生界海底火山岩有关喷发—沉积型铜锌矿床,具优越的成矿潜力,不同时期、类型铜矿床在空间分布上明显受古生代海相火山岩—碳酸盐岩建造控制,并具有"上金下铜"的斑岩—热液型铜金矿成矿系统的特征。金矿以燕山晚期三道湾子式浅成低温热液型金成矿作用强烈为特点;持续时间由早石炭世—早—中侏罗世的韧性剪切—走滑作用、中侏罗世为主要伸展期的变质核杂岩有关的金成矿作用,以及奥陶纪浊积岩(卡林型)有关金成矿作用,以中—小规模金矿床(点)为主;金矿受北西向、北东向的火山构造、变质核杂岩构造和韧性剪切—走滑作用控制,显示出良好的金找矿前景;结合近期的铜金矿重大勘查进展和成果,总结成矿规律,梳理了制约着铜金多金属矿找矿突破的关键地质问题,提出找矿方向和今后勘查工作部署建议。