Ice-lubricated gravity spreading of the Olympus Mons aureole deposits

Gravity sliding and spreading at low strain rates can account for the general morphology and structure of the aureoles and basal scarp of Olympus Mons. Detachment sliding could have occurred around the volcano if either pore-fluid pressures were exceptionally high (greater than 90%) or the rocks had very low resistance to shear (about 1 × 10⁵ Pa or 1 bar). Because of the vast areal extent and probable shallow depth of the detachment zone, development of ubiquitous, high pore-fluid pressures beneath aureole-forming material was unlikely. However, a zone of sufficiently weak material consisting of about 10% interstitial or interbedded ice could have been present. If so, a simple rheologic model for the aureole deposits can be applied that consists of a thin ductile layer overlain by a thicker brittle layer. According to this model, extensional deformation would have occurred near the shield and compressional deformation in its distal parts. Proximal grabens and distal corrugations on aureole surfaces support this model. A submarine slide at Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, is a valid qualitative analogy for the observed features and inferred emplacement style of the aureole deposits. Ground-ice processes have been considered the cause of many geologic features on Mars; a 3% average concentration of ground ice in the regolith is predicted by theoretical models for the ice budget and cryosphere. Ice may have been deposited in higher concentrations below the aureole-forming material; the source of the ice could have been juvenile water circulated hydrothermally by Olympus Mons volcanism. The basal scarp of Olympus Mons apparently demarcates the transition between the upper, stable part of the shield and its lower part that decoupled and formed the aureole deposits. This transition may reflect a change in the bulk shear strength of the shield, caused either by a radial dependence in the abundance of ice or fluid in the shield materials or by the concentration of intrusive dikes within the volcano. Other Martian volcanoes exhibit virtually no evidence of similar large-scale gravity spreading and basal scarps. Perhaps such evidence, if it existed, has been buried by lava flows, or perhaps the smaller size of other volcanoes did not permit the development of these features.     

采样数据密度及栅格尺寸对高程中误差的影响分析

利用全数字摄影测量得到的高精度点数据,获取不同密度的点数据,建立基于ANUDEM和TIN方法的两种DEM,比较两种DEM的高程中误差,分析数据密度、栅格尺寸与高程中误差的关系。研究结果表明,建立1∶100 00比例尺,具有高程中误差2m左右、栅格尺寸5m以下的ANUDEM,需要的点密度水平为大于7 000个/km2,而TINDEM则为8 500个/km2。同时,当栅格尺寸小于20m、数据密度介于7 000～9 400个/km2时,无论是ANUDEM还是TINDEM,高程中误差都处于一个较稳定的状态。     

WRF模式模拟的地表短波辐射与实况对比分析

利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3对2009年1、4、8和10月进行了约4个月的逐日（0～36小时）到达地表短波辐射模拟,将输出结果转换成逐小时太阳总辐射,并以武汉站为例,与地表实测逐小时总辐射值进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）模拟结果与观测结果有较好的对应关系,4个月的日间模拟和观测值的相关系数均在0.8以上,均通过了置信度0.01的显著性检验。（2）日间各时刻模拟值与实况相比,平均预报误差早晚小,中午大;平均绝对误差变化趋势与平均预报误差相同,平均绝对百分比误差则一般早晚大,09—15时较小且变化幅度小,可信度高于其他时刻。（3）WRFV3模式对太阳总辐射,在各种气象条件下均有一定预报能力,尤其以晴天表现最佳。距直接使用模式输出的地表短波辐射结果作为光伏发电系统初值用于发电量预报还有一些误差,可以尝试采用误差订正等方法修订,提高数值预报结果的可用性。     

一次致雹强风暴的多普勒雷达特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料和北京、天津的多普勒天气雷达产品对2007年7月9日华北中部地区一次伴有短时暴雨、局地冰雹和短时大风等强对流天气过程进行分析研究。分析表明,此次天气过程发生前高空转为前倾槽,并具有较强的不稳定层结;近地层的风切变线是雷暴生成的条件。物理量诊断分析表明：降水前水汽辐合区已从近地层扩展到850 hPa,但比较浅薄;低层辐合、高层辐散的配置加强了垂直上升运动;强对流天气发生区域处于垂直上升运动最强的区域内。多普勒天气雷达产品分析表明：致雹风暴具有中气旋特征和类似强降水超级单体的性质;路径预报的准确率与雷暴的总数目和移动异向性有关,雷暴的实际移向角度与雷达的路径预报相比存在明显偏差,总体偏差在29～67°之间,但路径预报产品仍对天气预报具有一定指示性;风廓线产品中3-7 km高度内垂直风切变矢量随高度呈顺时针旋转,在这种有利的条件下风暴有可能发展成强降水超级单体。     

Fractionation of hydrogen isotopes during phytol biosynthesis

Deuterium (D) depletion in phytol relative to ambient water as well as other lipids has been widely observed in various biological and geological samples; however, the mechanism for the depletion remains unknown. We have determined the hydrogen isotopic compositions of phytol and its precursors in cucumber cotyledons and have evaluated the fractionation of hydrogen isotopes during phytol biosynthesis. The hydrogen isotopic compositions of geranylgeraniol, dihydrogeranylgeraniol, tetrahydrogeranylgeraniol and phytol are ?281‰, ?302‰, ?325‰ and ?345‰, respectively. The results suggest that significantly D-depleted hydrogen is incorporated stepwise during hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol to phytol. We conclude that hydrogenation is important in controlling D depletion in phytol.     

Two strong radio bursts at high and medium Galactic latitude

The Nasu Observatory, which is composed of eight 20 m elements, was constructed for observing radio transients over a wide field at 1400 MHz. We report on two radio transients detected in consecutive drift scanning observations at declination 32° over a period of about two months. One of the two transients, WJN J1039+3200, appeared at =10^h39^m40^s±10^s, δ=32°±0.4° on March 4, 2005, and the other one, WJN J0645+3200, appeared at =06^h45^m25^s±10^s, δ=32°±0.4° on March 24, 2005. Both exhibited flux densities in excess of 1 Jy, and the burst durations were up to two days. Since there are few examples of radio transients outside the Galactic plane, these are very important observations. We have previously reported on four radio transients with features that look like the two transients detected this time. Of these six WJN transients in total, five had a duration of up to two days, and one up to three days. Four of the transients were detected at high Galactic latitude of b > 30°. Counterparts of the six WJN transients included X-ray sources in four events and had a consistency of 66%. The consistency of γ-ray, PGC Galaxy, NVSS, and FIRST sources was concentrated at about 50%. We were not able to find any special features in the counterparts. The distribution was verified by making a log N–log S plot using data for the four previously detected transients and the new ones. As a result, the distribution of the radio transients that we observed might have an isotropic distribution not dependent on Galactic longitude and Galactic latitude. The detection probability was calculated based on the assumption of an isotropic distribution. The 2σ upper probability limit for detection of transients of 1000 mJy or more is 0.0049 [deg⁻² yr⁻¹]. We cannot yet identify these two radio transients, because their features are different from any radio bursts observed in the past.     

Identification of the anomaly component using BEMD combined with PCA from element concentrations in the Tengchong tin belt,SW China

Concentration of elements or element groups in a geological body is the result of multiple stages of rockforming and ore-forming geological processes.An ore-forming element group can be identified by PCA(principal component analysis)and be separated into two components using BEMD(bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition):(1)a high background component which represents the ore-forming background developed in rocks through various geological processes favorable for mineralization(i.e.magmatism,sedimentation and/or metamorphism);(2)the anomaly component which reflects the oreforming anomaly that is overprinted on the high background component developed during mineralization.Anomaly components are used to identify ore-finding targets more effectively than ore-forming element groups.Three steps of data analytical procedures are described in this paper; firstly,the application of PCA to establish the ore-forming element group;secondly,using BEMD on the o re-forming element group to identify the anomaly components created by different types of mineralization processes; and finally,identifying ore-finding targets based on the anomaly components.This method is applied to the Tengchong tin-polymetallic belt to delineate ore-finding targets,where four targets for Sn(W)and three targets for Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe polymetallic mineralization are identified and defined as new areas for further prospecting.It is shown that BEMD combined with PCA can be applied not only in extracting the anomaly component for delineating the ore-finding target,but also in extracting the residual component for identifying its high background zone favorable for mineralization from its oreforming element group.